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HCC2. Perfusion Exam Questions and Answers 2024
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HCC2. Perfusion Exam
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HCC2. Perfusion ExamDangers of prolonged HTN*** - answer Cant see, cant pee
(blindness, and kidney failure)
1. List signs and symptoms of arterial insufficiency - answer Pale when elevated
Rubor when dependent
Weak pulses
Unilateral
Cool extremity
Ulcer - Punched out
Painful - claudication
Pain stops with rest
Numbness, pins, needles
No hair
2. List signs and symptoms of venous insufficiency - answer Swelling & edema
Varicose veins
Strong pulses
Ulcer Irregular border
Dull aching heaviness
Pain increases when standing
Pain decreases w/ elevation
Cyanosis
Brown pigment @ ankles
Itching of legs
3. Describe the primary cause of arterial & venous insufficiency: (im confused please
clarify with teacher) - answer-Atherosclerosis:
narrows the lumens of the arteries by depositing plaque to line the arterial wall; this
increases vascular resistance, damages the intimal lining in the arteries, weakens the
muscles in the arteries, & leads to less blood arriving to target organs and tissues.
4. List the 6 "P"s of the medical emergency of an acute arterial occlusion. - answerPain
-sharp unrelenting pain distal to or below the obstruction.
Pallor -Mottled, Pale, no edema, pallor when elevated
Pulselessness - Diminished to absent pulses
,Paresthesia - Decreased sensation, pressure or numbness
Paralysis - Muscle rigidity
Poikilothermia (coolness)
5. Describe one of the vasospastic arterial disorders in the PPT - answerRaynauds:
Caused by vasospasm of the arterioles and arteries of the upper and lower extremities,
usually unilaterally.
Occurs in people usually older than 30
Superficial skin vessels are constricted and blanching of the extremity occurs, followed
by cyanosis.
Numb, cold extremities that can develop ulcers
Triggered by cold weather & stress
Teach pt to wear warm clothes, socks, and gloves when exposed to cool or cold
temperatures and be tested for autoimmune disorders
Buerger's Disease Thromboangitis obliterans: An uncommon occlusive disease limited
to the medium and small arteries and veins
Identified in young men who smoke
Large arteries are involved in late stages. Veins are not commonly involved.
Fibrosis and scarring binds the artery, vein and nerve firmly together
Cessation of cigarette smoking usually arrests the disease
6. List 5 or more risk factors for primary HTN. - answerAge
Overweight
Hyperlipidemia
Smoking
Sedentary
Stress
African American ethnicity
7. List the primary cause of secondary HTN - answerChronic renal disease, especially
renal artery stenosis is the most common cause of secondary HTN
8. List the main diagnostics used to "rule out" an AMI on a patient admitted for chest
pain & prioritize - answercan be confirmed by abnormally high levels of certain proteins
or isoenzymes. These serum studies are commonly referred to as cardiac markers and
include troponin, creatine kinase-MB, and myoglobin.
An assay using monoclonal anti-CK-MB antibodies (stat CK) can detect myocardial
necrosis accurately 3 hours after emergency department admission when examined
with an ECG (EKG)
9. Describe the pathological differences between stable angina, unstable angina, and
an AMI. - answer-*Chronic stable angina* (CSA) is chest discomfort that occurs with
, moderate to prolonged exertion in a pattern that is familiar to the patient. The frequency,
duration, and intensity of symptoms remain the same over several months. CSA results
in only slight limitation of activity and is usually associated with a fixed atherosclerotic
plaque.
-*Unstable angina* (the most commonly used term) is chest pain or discomfort that
occurs at rest or with exertion and causes severe activity limitation. An increase in the
number of attacks and in the intensity of the pressure indicates unstable angina. The
pressure may last longer than 15 minutes or may be poorly relieved by rest or
nitroglycerin
-Undiagnosed or untreated angina can lead to this very serious health problem.
*Myocardial infarction *(MI) occurs when myocardial tissue is abruptly and severely
deprived of oxygen. When blood flow is quickly reduced by 80% to 90%, ischemia
develops. Ischemia can lead to injury and necrosis of myocardial tissue if blood flow is
not restored.
Arterial Insufficiency causes: (dont know if its right) - answerSmoking
Diabetes
Obesity (a body mass index over 30)
High blood pressure
High cholesterol
Increasing age, especially after reaching 50 years of age
A family history of peripheral artery disease, heart disease or stroke
High levels of homocysteine, a protein component that helps build and maintain tissue
Venous insufficiency causes: (dont know if its right) - answerblood clots
varicose veins
obesity
pregnancy
smoking
cancer
muscle weakness, leg injury, or trauma
swelling of a superficial vein (phlebitis)
family history of venous insufficiency
inactivity (sitting or standing for long periods of time without moving can cause high
blood pressure in the leg veins and increase your risk)
*Aterio*sclerosis (hardening of the arteries) - answerrefers to hardening & thickening of
the normally flexible walls due to loss of elasticity of the arterial musculature as a result
of age related changes.
*Athero*sclerosis - answer-is a form of arteriosclerosis that specifically refers to the
deposition of fatty plaques and cholesterol globules within the arteries causing
narrowing of the lumen of the arteries.
-This hinders the flow of oxygen-rich blood to the organs tissues that are being supplied.
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