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BESC 204 exam 2 bae- Test Questions & Answers
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BESC 204 exam 2 bae- Test Questions & Answers
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BESC 204 exam 2 bae- Test Questions &Answers
what is an aflatoxin? Correct Ans-a potent toxin produced by fungi, specifically aspergillus,
that is commonly associated with liver cancer
give a general overview of aflatoxins (what fungi produce it, how was it discovered, where in the
body is it toxic, what food products are susceptible etc) Correct Ans-different species of
aspergillus (notably aspergillus flavus)
lots of turkey deaths in england in 1960 spurred investigation into the peanut meal they were
fed (but mycotoxins were discovered earlier in soviet union)
primary site of action is the liver
peanuts, corn, soybeans (but the fungus does not produce aflatoxins when growing on
soybeans)
conditions for producing aflatoxins are specific: if there are other fungi growing on the peanuts,
it is less likely that aflatoxins will be produced, needs abundant moisture
can get into milk thru corn feed to cows
human food supply in US is safe, but pet food is not (rip)
give a general overview of fumonisins (what fungi produce it, how was it discovered, where in
the body is it toxic, what food products are susceptible etc) Correct Ans-fusarium
moniliforme/verticillioides (fm is the old name, fv is the new name)
fumonisin refers to a group of related compounds
causes "hole in the head" disease in horses (brain tissue deterioration) and throat cancer in
some areas of the world
found on corn
give a general overview of trichothecenes (what fungi produce it, how was it discovered, where
in the body is it toxic, what food products are susceptible etc) Correct Ans-class of fusarium
toxins
, t-2 (fusarium tricinctum) and DON/vomitoxin (fusarium graminearum)
t-2: produced on grains (wheat, oat, millet, etc) that is stored in damp conditions or left in the
field unharvested over the winter
t-2 causes alimentary toxic aleukia (bleeding from nose and throat, deteriorated throat tissue,
hemorrhages)
DON causes stunted growth, feed refusal, perhaps death of livestock
DON: produced on corn and cereal grains
why has there been a recent rise in mycotoxin related problems in the last 100 years?
Correct Ans-globalization of agriculture n whatnot, transportation, globalization in general
what is yellow rain? Correct Ans-possible trichothecene poisoning in vietnam
named for the reports of yellow powder or liquid associated with most attacks
could've been bee feces though
mid 1970s, US govt received reports of chemical attacks by the invading vietnamese
suspected soviet involvement
nothing confirmed
what alkaloids are produced by ergot and what are their effects? Correct Ans-ergotamine:
thought to induce gangrenous ergotism (extremities are sensitive, burning limbs, hands and feet
turn black, shrivel, and fall off with no pain but a putrid odor,) causes convulsions, lameness, dry
gangrene of extremities in livestock
ergonovine: spontaneous abortion in mammals, used in low doses to induce labor, hugest
impact on humans is the induction of abortions in livestock eating contaminated grass
ergine and lysergic acid: cause convulsive ergotism (nervous dysfunction, trembling, confusion,
delusions)
what is some of the evidence that the salem witch trials are tied to poisoning with ergot?
Correct Ans-in 1692, people ate mainly a grains-based diet
damp spring and mild winter allowed for the cultivation of ergot
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