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PHARMACOLOGY I FINAL EXAM REVIEW PHARM STUDY GUIDE
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PHARMACOLOGY I FINAL EXAM REVIEW PHARM STUDY GUIDE
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lOMoAR cPSD| 22896205PHARMACOLOGY I FINAL EXAM REVIEW
PHARM 1 2024-2025 STUDY GUIDE
Dosage Calculations:
Tablets, Gtt/min, ml
Mod 1
Pharmacokinetics
Describes the absorption, distributions, metabolism & excretion o
Absorption
Movement of the drug from the site of the administration to various
tissues of the body
The most common routes of admin:
Enteral (through GI tract)
Parenteral (by injection) o Distributions
movement of drug by circulatory system to intended site of action
o Metabolism
the change that occurs in a drug into a more or less potent form, more
soluble form of the drug, or an in active form.
Occurs primarily in the liver, but it also takes place in the kidneys, lungs,
intestines & blood.
o Excretion
Elimination of a drug or its metabolites through various parts of the body.
Kidney eliminates a lot drugs through the urine; may reabsorb some of the
drug allowing it to pass through the body again before excretion actually
occurs; can also take place through the
liver, lungs, intestines, & exocrine glands (breast milk)
Generic vs Trade
• Generic
o A drug is assigned by the US Adopted Name Council o
One generic name for each drug o Cost less
• Trade
o Short and east to remember and is assigned by the drug
company marketing it
o More potent o Multiple names
pg. 1
, lOMoAR cPSD| 22896205
First pass
Medications absorbed from the stomach and small intestine first travel to the liver, where
they may be inactivated before they ever reach their target organs
Med rights
• Right Patient
• Right Dose
• Right Drug Right Time
• Right Route
• Right Documentation o Right Education o Right Evaluation o Right to Refuse o Right
Assessment
Incident reports
The nurse is legally and ethically responsible for reporting medication errors —whether
they cause harm to a patient—in the patient’s medical record and on an incident report.
Med errors
• Evaluate the Patient First, then notify the Provider
• Identify allergies prior to medication administration
• Question unclear or inappropriate prescriptions
• Prepare meds for one client at a time
• Only administer medications YOU prepare; never document a medication given by
someone else
• Never document a drug before you give it
• Double check high alert medications w/a second RN (insulin, heparin)
• Complete incident report when a medication error occurs-ASSESS patient first!
• Telephone orders: have 2nd RN listen & repeat back, Provider to sign w/in 24 hrs
Therapeutic effect
• Are the intended beneficial effects of the drug Loading dose
• Higher amount of drug, often given only once or twice to “prime” the
bloodstream with a sufficient level of drug. Antagonist and agonist
• Antagonist o a drug will occupy a receptor and prevent the endogenous
chemical from acting.
• Agonist
o A drug that produces the same type of response as the endogenous substance
pg. 2
, lOMoAR cPSD| 22896205
Peak and trough
When administering a drug, must maintain a therapeutic level in the blood in order for it to be
effective
Peak: is the point in time when the drug is at its highest level in the body Trough: is
the point in time when the drug is at its lowest level in the body.
Herbal supplements
• Part of CAM
• Herbal and vitamin supplements can have powerful effects on the body that may
influence the effectiveness of prescription drug therapy
Tolerance, addiction, toxicity
• Tolerance: is the body’s decreases response to a drug it receives over a period of time
o For the drug to continue to have therapeutic effect, the provider must increase the
dose.
• Toxicity: occurs when a pt receives drugs in excessive dosages, resulting in negative
physiological effects. o It can happen when impaired excretion of the drug allows it to
build up in the body.
• Addiction: the over-whelming feeling that drives someone to use a drug repeatedly
Half-life
• is the time it takes for a drug that enters the body to decrease in amount by half; this
decrease reflects how quickly & efficiently a drug metabolizes & excretes.
Potency and efficacy
• Potency
o drug that is more potent will pro-duce a therapeutic effect at a lower dose,
compared with another drug in the same class.
• Efficacy o the magnitude of maximal response that can be produced from a
particular drug.
Mod 2
Opioid considerations
• respiratory depression, slowing of physical movements, sedation/sleepiness, depression,
slow digestion, constipation, nausea & liver damage
• Be prepared to admin Narcan and have resuscitative equipment available
• Assess pain for type, intensity, & location prior to admin
• Assess for RR, depth, & rhythm <12 bpm withhold medication & notify provider
pg. 3
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