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LOWA STATE ANS 319 EXAM 4 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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LOWA STATE ANS 319 EXAM 4 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS....
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LOWA STATE ANS 319 EXAM 4 QUESTIONSAND ANSWERS
Minerals do not contain ___ and do not contribute to ___ - ANSWER
carbon, energy intake
Classification of minerals and some examples - ANSWER Macro: Ca,
P, Na, Mg, K, Cl, S
Micro (trace): Cr, Co, Cu, F, Fe, I, Mn, Mo, Ni, Se, Si, Zn
5 functions of minerals - ANSWER 1. Structural
2. Nerve and muscle impulses
3. Water balance
4. Absorption of nutrients
5. Enzyme activators
7 factors affecting mineral requirements in animals - ANSWER 1. Breed
2. Sex
3. Physiological state (pregnant, lactating)
4. Age
5. Body weight
6. Level of other minerals
7. Drugs taken
5 calcium Functions
(most abundant mineral in the body) - ANSWER 1. Structural
2. Nerve impulse transmission
3. Muscle contraction
4. Blood clotting
5. Milk
DELETE Calcium Absorption - ANSWER 90% in small intestine
10% in large intestine
2 Calcium absorption mechanisms - ANSWER 1. Transcellular
2. Paracellular
,Transcellular definition and what it is assisted by
Paracellular definition - ANSWER across cells
calbindin (vitamin B dependent protein)
between cells
calcium absorption decreases when... - ANSWER high phosphorus
levels, high oxalic acid, high phytic acid
(oxalic an phytic acid make indigestible complexes when bound to Ca)
Calcium deficiency causes (children, adults) - ANSWER children:
rickets (soft bones)
Adults: osteomalacia (soft bones), osteoporosis (porous bones)
(body may fail to produce enough new bones or too much reabsorption)
What causes calcium deficiency?
(2) - ANSWER 1. Low dietary intake of Ca
2. Low Ca absorption
(vitamin D deficiency, high P, oxalic acids, phytic acids)
Ca regulation in blood (3 hormones)
(look up diagram) - ANSWER 1. Vitamin D (kidney) - increased
2. Parathyroid hormone PTH (parathyroid gland) - increased
3. Calcitonin (thyroid gland) - decreased
Milk fever: Symptoms, treatments, prevention - ANSWER Ca
deficiency, low parathyroid and Vitamin D
Symptoms: listesness, loss of balance, down, unable to walk, fever
Treatments: Injecting calcium solution in blood
Prevention: feeding low Ca diet close to parturition
4 Phosphorous functions - ANSWER 1. Bones and teeth
2. Energy metabolism
3. Maintain acid-base balance of body
4. DNA, RNA synthesis
Phosphorous absorption - ANSWER 70 % small intestine, 30% large
intestine
,2 Phosphorous absorption mechanisms - ANSWER 1. transcellular
(active) - vitamin D assists
2. paracellular (passive)
Phosphorous absorption decreases when... - ANSWER 1. Vitamin D
deficiency
2. Phytate in feed
(phytate in feed bound to P makes it undigestible)
What enzyme is secreted by rumen microbes that breaks and frees
phsosphorous? - ANSWER Phytase
(need to add enzyme to monogastrics feed)
Magnesium sources - ANSWER Dark green plants, cacao, seeds, nuts,
inorganic mineral supplements
Magnesium functions - ANSWER 1. Bone formations
2. Muscle contraction / relaxation
3. Neurotransmission
4. Activates enzymes
5. protein synthesis
Magnesium deficiencies (8) - ANSWER 1. Impaired muscle contraction
2. anxiety
3. lethargy
4. anorexia
5. nausea
6. hyperglycemia
7. irregular heartbeat
8. stunted growth
grass tetany: symptoms, treatments, prevention - ANSWER metabolic
Mg deficiency, occurs in early spring when grazing on rapidly growing
grass
Symptoms: loss of coordination, appetite, coma, death
Treatment: Mg solution to blood
Prevention: mineral blocks, nutrients in soil
, Sodium, Potassium, Chloride (electrolytes) Sources - ANSWER
forages contain more K than grains, Salt (NaCl), free choice mineral
blocks
Sodium, Potassium, Chloride (electrolytes) 2 Functions - ANSWER 1.
Control body fluid volume (blood volume)
2. Control acid-base balance (blood pH)
Sodium, Potassium 2 functions - ANSWER 1. create and transmit
nerve impulses
2. Absorption of other nutrients
Chloride function - ANSWER HCl in stomach
Sodium, Potassium, Chloride (electrolytes) diarrhea - ANSWER
electrolytes must be replaced
Sodium, Potassium, Chloride (electrolytes) sweating - ANSWER
require more Na, K in feed during warm weather
Sulfur containing amino acids - ANSWER Methionine, cysteine
Methionine, cystine - ANSWER building block of proteins
M: Insulin, collagen, stimulate wool growth
C: keratin , hair
(a proper balance of NPN, Sulfur, soluble carbohydrates in diet will
promote synthesis of sulfur-containing amino acids by rumen microbes)
Sulfur deficiencies - ANSWER reduced growth, impaired wool growth
Vitamins ___ and ___ aid in activating what sulfur enzymes - ANSWER
biotin - gluconeogenesis and fatty acid synthesis
thiamin - glycolysis and kreb cycle
Iron is found 3 places in the body - ANSWER 1. hemoglobin
2. Ferritin (liver and bone marrow)
3. Myoglobin (bound to enzymes)
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