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exam 1 cogsci 200 bollard questions and answers
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exam 1 cogsci 200 bollard questions andanswers
three levels of explanation - Answers -functional, algorithmic, physical
functional level - Answers -problem the capacity is supposed to solve
algorithmic level - Answers -procedures that enable the problem to be solved
physical level - Answers -the neural/chemical substrates in which the procedures are
implemented
functional level of visual perception - Answers -the inverse optics problem
algorithmic level of visual perception - Answers -bayes' rule
functional level of language - Answers -mapping from sounds to meanings
algorithmic level of language - Answers -phrase structure trees
tacit knowledge - Answers -things you "know" but cannot readily articulate
unconscious processing - Answers -things your mind does without your awareness
modularity - Answers -functional specialization within the mind/brain
innateness - Answers -generally speaking, knowledge that is natural or inborn; however,
there is no exact consensus of how it is defined
rationality - Answers -logic and reasoning, doing the right thing
heuristics and biases program - Answers -holds that people are pretty bad at logical
reasoning, probability, and statistics; we make judgements using simplifying heuristics
heuristic - Answers -a shortcut thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments
and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than
algorithms
neuroeconomics program - Answers -holds that the brain is outfitted with sophisticated
mechanisms for rapidly and accurately doing logical reasoning, probability, and
statistics
, dual process models - Answers -models of behavior that account for both implicit: fast,
automatic, effortless, and explicit: slow, controlled, effortful, processes
trolley problem - Answers -a moral dilemma used to study moral decision making;
involves a speeding train headed towards five people that are on the track, and you
have the option of diverting the train to another track which only has one person on it;
however, then you are responsible
inverse optics problem - Answers -P(H|data); for any 2D image, there's an infinite
number of 3D worlds consistent with that image; highly underdetermined inference
problem
inner picture theory of perception - Answers -false theory suggesting that perception
works like a camera—what we end up with is a picture that is a straight up
representation of what is out there in the world; primary issue is that it fails to account
for who is doing the perceiving, and would end up in an infinite loop of perceivers within
each others' minds
functions - Answers -mappings from inputs to outputs
well-specified functional problem - Answers -one-to-one mapping from input to output;
problem is easy to solve
not well-specified functional problem - Answers -one-to-many mapping from input to
output; problem is very difficult to solve
perception - Answers -the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information,
enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events;
a multi-step, inferential process, and a function going from 2d retinal input to a 3d
representation of a scene
probabilistic inference - Answers -the computation of posterior probabilities for
hypothesis given observed data; thoughtless process that shows how many ordinary
inferences involve hidden assumptions
perceptual inference problem - Answers -the problem of inverse optics: getting from the
input (a 2d pattern of light on the retina) to the output (a 3d representation of reality);
can only be solved by relying on assumptions
how the mind works (steven pinker) - Answers -argued that to solve the problem of
inverse optics, the brain supplies missing information through innate assumptions we
make about our surroundings
hidden assumptions for visual perception - Answers -1) there is a single overhead light
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