HED 400 EXAM 1 QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS (ALREADY GRADED A+) LATEST UPDATE
Measuring the Burden of Disease - Answer- • Attempt to construct a single indicator to compare how far countries are from the state of good health
• This index would take into account of morbidity, mortality, ...
Measuring the Burden of Disease - Answer- • Attempt to construct a single indicator to
compare how far countries are from the state of good health
• This index would take into account of morbidity, mortality, and disability; calculate by
age, gender, and region; allow comparison across regions
• This index would measure what is referred to as the burden of disease
Health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE) - Answer- number of years a person of a given
age can expect to live in good health, taking account of mortality and disability
• Calculated by weighting the number of years of ill health according to severity,
subtracted from the overall life expectancy
• Examples: 64.7/57.2 for males in Ethiopia,78.8/68.9 for males in Denmark
Disability-adjusted life year (DALY) - Answer- the sum of years lost due to premature
death and years lived with disability (YLDs)• Calculated by subtracting the age at which
one dies and one's life expectancy at that age• Example: If a newborn in Liberia were to
die,that newborn would have suffered 87 years of life lost due to premature death
Burden of Disease Data - Overview of Patterns and Trends in the Burdenof Disease -
Answer- • People are living longer in much of the world
• Globally, women live 5 years longer than men
• In the last 4 decades, there have been significant declines in communicable, maternal,
neonatal, and nutritional causes of death
• Mortality rates have decreased, particularly for children under-5
Key Human Research Cases - Answer- • Rate of mortality decrease differs by country
• Years of life lost due to premature death are increasing for diabetes, some cancers,
drug use disorders, conflict, and terrorism
• Burden of disease is predominantly noncommunicabe
• With increased life expectancy and declining death rates, there is an increase in the
number of years people live with disability
Leading Causes of Deaths and DALYs - Answer- • Low-income countries have a unique
pattern of deaths and DALYs, dominated by Group 1 causes
, • Most of the country income groups of DALYs attributable to lower back and neck pain,
sense organ disease, skin diseases, and depressive disorders
Causes of Death by Sex - Answer- Although ischemic heart disease and stroke are
leading causes of death for females, global health literature focuses on reproductive
health
Burden of Deaths and Disease Within Countries - Answer- • Rural populations are less
healthy than urban populations
• Disadvantaged ethnic minorities are less healthy than majority population
• Females suffer from a number of conditions related to their relatively disadvantaged
social positions
• Poor people are less healthy than wealthier people
• Uneducated people will be less health than those better-educated
Why Study Global Health - Answer- To understand:
• The progress that has already been made
• The challenges that still remain
• That diseases are not limited by national boundaries
• That there are disparities among groups
• The health-development link
• The need for different actors to work together
Health - Answer- "...a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not
merely the absence of disease or infirmity." —World Health Organization, 1948
Public Health - Answer- "...the science and art of preventing disease,prolonging life, and
promoting physical health and mental health and efficiency through organized
community efforts toward a sanitary environment"—C.E.A. Winslow, 1923
examples of public health activities - Answer- 1. the promotion of handwashing
2. the promotion of bicycle and motorcycle helmets.
3. the promotion of knowledge about HIV/AIDS
4. large-scale screening for diabetes and hypertension
5. large scale screening of the eyesight of schoolchildren
6. mass dosing of children against worms
7. the operation of a supplementary feeding program for poorly nourished young
children
8. the taxation of tobacco and alcohol
9. the regulation of industrial pollution
10. the regulation of food labeling
approaches of public health and medicine - Answer- Differentiating factor - focus, public
health - population, medicine - individual.
Differentiating factor - ethical basis, public health - public service, medicine - personal
service.
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