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PSYC 2700 Midterm 1 Exam Questions 100% Well Answered.

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why study child development? - Answer - improve one's own child-rearing - help society promote well-being of children in general - better understand human nature what is a theory? - Answer - a set of beliefs aimed at explaining facts - facts: observable phenomena; do not change - theor...

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  • November 8, 2024
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PSYC 2700 Midterm 1 Exam Questions
100% Well Answered.
why study child development? - Answer - improve one's own child-rearing

- help society promote well-being of children in general

- better understand human nature



what is a theory? - Answer - a set of beliefs aimed at explaining facts

- facts: observable phenomena; do not change

- theories: scientists' explanations and interpretations of facts

- theories present ideas that are testable, drive research; influence how we study an issue

- facts don't change; theories explaining facts may be improved or modified



psychological theories - Answer provide a model to understand thoughts, emotions, and behaviors



a psychological theory must: - Answer - describe some thoughts/emotions/behaviors

- make predictions about future thoughts/emotions/behaviors



recurring issues: - Answer - nature-nurture

- continuous-discontinuous

- universal and context-specific



nature - Answer biological endowment, especially genes from our parents



nurture - Answer physical and social environments that influence our development



nature-nurture - Answer - false dichotomy

- work together to shape development

,- ex. schizophrenia



continuous-discontinuous - Answer continuous: changes with age occur gradually in small increments,
development occurs skill by skill task by task, learning theorists - Watson, Bandura

discontinuous: changes with age include occasional large shifts, developments shifts result in qualitative
changes, stage theorists - Piaget, Freud, Erikson, Kohlberg



universal and context-specific - Answer universal: most people worldwide follow a similar
developmental path

context-specific: development is deeply intertwined with the context in which it occurs



four major theories of development: - Answer learning, cognitive development, evolutionary,
ecological



learning - Answer - emphasize role of experience

- rewards and punishment

- and learning from watching others



behaviorism - Answer - part of learning theory

- Watson and Skinner

- reinforcement: increases the future likelihood of the behavior

- punishment: decreases the future likelihood of the behavior



social learning theory - Answer - Bandura

- reinforcement & punishment are powerful

- but people also learn by watching others --> imitation, observational learning

- imitation is not just mimicry



learning theories... - Answer nurture, continuous, universal

, cognitive development - Answer - focus on mind: thought processes, construction of knowledge

- how children think and how thinking changes over time

- roots in nativism (Rousseau)

- modern cognitive development theories: more interactionist

- major figure: Piaget, Vygotsky



Piaget: - Answer most influential developmentalist of the 20th century

- children are like scientists

- they want to understand the world and how it works

- children revise their theories radically at a few critical points --> leading to new theories

-revisions happen in a universal sequence at particular ages



recurring issues... - Answer nature, discontinuous, universal



evolutionary - Answer - applies concepts of natural selection and adaptation to human behavior

- Charles Darwin

- focus on functions of behaviors --> how did behavior ensure survival of the species?

- seek similar patterns of behavior across human societies and cultures

- studying child development can provide insights into human nature

- some propose "critical periods"

- ex. kindchenschema (baby schema)



evolutionary theories... - Answer nature, discontinuous, universal



ecological - Answer - stressed effects of context on development

- also emphasizes child's active role in selecting and influencing the contexts

- children's personal characteristics (temperament, intelligence, etc.) also influence development

- most prominent: Bronfenbrenner

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