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Web Accessibility Specialist (WAS)
Certification - Semantic Structure and
Navigatio Questions and Correct
Answers the Latest Update n
First thing screen readers hear:
✓ Page <title> (also this is good for SEO)
Page <title> rules:
✓ Page <title> must be present and must contain text. Must be updated when the web
address changes. Must be accurate and informative. If a page is the result of a user
action or scripted change of context, the text of the <title> SHOULD describe the
result or change of context to the user. Should be concise. Should be unique if
possible. Unique information should come first. The page <title> SHOULD match
(or be very similar to) the top heading in the main content.
The primary language of the page MUST be identified accurately on the <html>
element.
✓ If the language is not specified, or if it the language designation is inaccurate, a screen
reader will read the document in the user's default language, which may result in a
very bad accent if the page language doesn't match the user's default. Or not
understandable.
The primary language of the page MUST be identified with a valid value on the
<html> element.
✓ Using 2 letter language code or LCID string.
Inline language changes MUST be identified with a valid lang attribute.
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✓ Identify any changes of language within the document. The lang attribute can be
applied to block level elements (<div>, <h1>, <p>, <table>, etc.) as well as inline
elements (<span>, <a>, <strong>, etc.).
✓
✓ Example:
✓ <p>While in Spain, my friend tried to speak Spanish,
✓ but she wasn't very good. Everyone kept saying
✓ "<span lang="es">No comprendo nada de lo que dices.</span>"</p>
Landmarks SHOULD be used to designate pre-defined parts of the layout
(<header>, <nav>, <main>, <footer>, etc.).
✓ Use either HTML 5 landmarks or their ARIA equivalents to mark sections of the
layout in the design, so that screen reader users can easily find their way around the
layout.
✓
✓ Landmarks are used to designate sections of the overall page design and layout.
Headings are used to designate sections within the content.
All text SHOULD be contained within a landmark region.
✓ Labels for headers, mains, sections, articles, asides, footers, etc. Using just <div> isn't
enough.
Multiple instances of the same type of landmark SHOULD be distinguishable by
different discernible labels (aria-label or aria-labelledby).
✓ Example: <nav aria-label="Corporate and legal info">
A page SHOULD NOT contain more than one instance of each of the following
landmarks: banner, main, and contentinfo.
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✓ The ARIA specification states that the landmarks role="banner", role="main", and
role="contentinfo" are meant to be used only once per page. Other ARIA landmarks
can be used multiple times. Interestingly, the HMTL 5 specification allows multiple
instances of the equivalent landmarks: <header>, <main>, and <footer>. The official
restriction is only on ARIA landmarks. Even so, it is appropriate in most web designs
to have only one each of these landmarks, whether they are specified using ARIA or
HTML 5.
The total number of landmarks SHOULD be minimized to the extent
appropriate for the content.
✓ One of the main purposes of landmarks is to allow blind users to quickly find and
navigate to the appropriate landmark, so you should keep the total number of
landmarks relatively low. If you don't, screen reader users will have to sort through
too much extra information to find what they're looking for.
Landmarks SHOULD be made backward compatible.
✓
Text that acts as a heading visually or structurally SHOULD be designated as a
true heading in the markup.
✓ Headings are about logical structure, not visual effects. Big bold text may look like a
heading to visual users, but screen readers ignore the size and font-weight of the
text, so blind users cannot know a phrase is a heading unless it is marked up in the
HTML code as such, using <h1>, <h2>, <h3>, <h4>, <h5>, or <h6>.
Text that does not act as a heading visually or structurally SHOULD NOT be
marked as a heading.
✓ If you want to create big, bold text for non-heading text, use styles to achieve that
effect. If you use heading markup (<h1>, <h2>, etc.) for non-heading text, you will
confuse screen reader users by creating an inaccurate structural outline of the page
contents.
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