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Absite Killer Every Years With Complete Solutions Latest Update
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Absite Killer Every Year ?s + <5 extra ?s With CompleteSolutions Latest Update
renin release -- what is the stimulus i.e. what condition, what detects it) and what does
renin do? - ANSWER macula densa senses low Na/Cl, produces renin which converts
angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1
what happens to angiotensin 1, where and what causes this? - ANSWER angiotensin 1 to
2 in lung, by ACE
what are the two functions of angiotensin 2? - ANSWER 1) vasoconstrictor; 2) increases
aldosterone
what does aldosterone cause to be kept/lost in the urine (ions)? - ANSWER lose K/H,
keep Na
what is the action of omeprazole (what enzyme is proton pump, what cell)? - ANSWER
H/K ATPase, parietal cell
what is the most common symptom post-vagotomy, and what is the second most
common? - ANSWER 1) diarrhea; 2) dumping syndrome
early vs late dumping syndrome due to what? - ANS early - hyperosmotic load, fluid shift;
late - increased insulin with decreased glucose
how often is dumping syndrome unresponsive to dietary measures? - ANS rare -- 1%
CCK: from where, and 3 functions? - ANS intestinal mucosa -- 1) contract gallbladder; 2)
relax sphincter of oddi; 3) increase pancreatic enzyme secretion
, what is composition of bile (3 things, % of each); stones form from increases/decreases
in these things? - ANSWER 1) 80% bile salts; 2) 15% lecithin; 3) 5% cholesterol -- stones
from increase in cholesterol, decrease in bile salts or lecithin
how does the gallbladder concentrate bile? - ANSWER active resorption of NaCl, H2O
then follows
size of the bile pool grams frequency of recirculation how much/ what %/grams is lost
daily? - ANS bile pool is 5g, recirculated q4h and 1/2 gram is lost daily \ obedience %
name infections organisms that can present w/in hours postop - ANS 1) clostridial
infections; 2) beta hemolytic strep group A strep
what is kcal/g for carbohydrates, protein and fat? - ANS carbs 3.4, protein 4, fat 9
what is the route of fat digestion for short, medium and long chain FAs? ANSWER short
and medium-chain FA's absorbed directly into blood through intestine capillaries and
travel in portal vein; long chain are emulsified to micelles, transported to enterocytes
then packeged in chylomicrons and moved to lymphatics
where does the thoracic duct drain? ANSWER junction of the LIJ / SVC
What types of biopsies are performed for extremity sarcomas, based on how is this
determination made, and what are the rationales (2) for the latter type? - ANSWER
excisional if < 4cm, otherwise longitudinal incision, incisional bioposy (less lymphatic
disruption, easier to excise scar if biopsy +).
name of the tumor-alternative name, % malignant, type of tumor/cell origin,
treatment-why? ANSWER phyllodes tumor-medical term: cystosarcoma phyllodes, large
rapidly growing tumor masses in the breast, sarcomas originating from the periductal
stromal cells, account for 1% of neoplasms, spread hematogenously-as they are
sarcomas, thus treatment is WLE, rarely-mastectomy, no ALDN
IABP-when does it inflate/deflate, what are 2 benefits?-ANSWER benefits: 1) improved
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