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RYAN KUAR Anatomy and Physiology lab report (MIRACLES OF THE RESPIRATORY AND EXCRETORY SYSTEM)
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MIRACLES OF THE RESPIRATORY AND EXCRETORY SYSTEM RYAN KUAR Anatomy and Physiology lab Monday 5 PM - 9 PM Prof. Hanson Spring 2023 Figure #1: Ureter tissue The ureters are tubes made up of smooth muscles that propel urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder [1]. The ureters begin at th...

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  • November 7, 2024
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MIRACLES OF THE
RESPIRATORY AND EXCRETORY
SYSTEM




RYAN KUAR

Anatomy and Physiology lab

Monday 5 PM - 9 PM

Prof. Hanson

Spring 2023

,Figure #1: Ureter tissue




The ureters are tubes made up of smooth muscles that propel urine from the kidneys to

the urinary bladder [1]. The ureters begin at the ureteropelvic junction, which lies posteriorly to

the renal vein. The ureters travel inferiorly to the abdominal cavity and the uterine artery is found

lateral and superior to the ureters [1].

When the ureters enter the pelvic cavity, they are surrounded by connective tissue and

then travel backward and outward, passing in front of the internal iliac arteries and veins [1].

They then travel inward and forward, crossing the umbilical, inferior, and middle rectal arteries.

The wall of the ureter consists of three layers made up of tissues. The outer layer, also known as

the fibrous coat, is a supporting layer of fibrous connective tissue [1]. The middle layer, also

known as the muscular coat, consists of the inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle

[1]. The middle layer is essential for peristalsis, propelling the urine [1]. The inner layer, also

known as the mucosa, is composed of stratified transitional epithelium found to line the ureter,

serving as an adequate permeability barrier, which makes the ureter impenetrable to water and

,other molecules [1]. Under the epithelium tissue, a thick, fibroelastic lamina proprina can be

found [1].

The nureters nare ntwo nnarrow ntubes nwithin nthe nhuman nbody nthat nmainly nfunctions

nto ncarrynurine nfrom nthe nkidneys nto nthe nbladder n[1]. nThe nmuscles nin nthe nureter nwall


ncontract nand nrelax, nforcing nurine ninto nthe nbladder. nThis nprocess nis nessential nbecause


nour nbody nneeds nto neliminate


waste nproducts; ntherefore, nit nremoves nthe nurine, nimpure nsubstances nfiltered nby nthe nurinary

nsystem,nout nof nthe nhuman nbody n[1]. nApproximately nevery nten nto nfifteen nseconds, nthe


nureter nempties nurine ninto nthe nbladder n[1].


A ncommon nmalfunction nthat ncan naffect nthe nureters nis nif nthere nis na nblockage nin nthe

nureters, nwhich ncan nblock nthe nflow nof nurine nto nthe nbladder, ncausing nan naccumulation nof


nurine nbuilds nup n[1].


If nthe nurine nis nbacked nup nin nthe nureter, nit ncan ncause na nurinary ntract ninfection. nUreteral nobstruction

can nbe nsevere nand ndisrupt nhomeostasis, ncausing npain, nsepsis, nand neven nloss nof nkidney

nfunction n[1].nBlockage nin nthe nureter ncan ncause nsevere ncomplications nand ndisorders, nsuch


nas nhydronephrosis, nureterocele, nor neven nretroperitoneal nfibrosis n[1]. nHydronephrosis nis na


nblockage nwhere nthe nureter


and nkidney nmeet nthat nwill ncause nthe nkidney nto nswell nand nstop nworking n[1]. nA

nureterocele nis nwhennthe nureter nis ntoo nnarrow nand ntherefore ndoesn't nallow nurine nto nflow,


ncausing na nureterocele nto nform,nand ncan ncause nsevere nkidney ndamage. nRetroperitoneal


nfibrosis nis na nrare ndisorder nwhere nfibrous ntissue nblocks nthe nureters, ncausing nurine nto


nback nup nin nthe nkidneys nand nnegatively nimpacting nthe


epithelial ntissues nthat nline nthe nureter n[1]. nSome nless nfamiliar nexamples nof nwhat ncan

nobstruct nthenureter nare nthe naccumulation nof nblood nclots nor nkidney nstones nin nthe nureter.


A nureteral nobstruction ncan ncause nsevere npain nthat nmay nrequire nan nimmediate

nprocedure ntonremove nthe nurine nfrom nthe nbody nand nrelieve nany npain ncaused nby na

, nblockage n[1]. nA nureteral nstent ncan nbe ninserted ninside nthe nureter nto nkeep nit nopen n[1].


nAlso, npercutaneous nnephrostomy nis na

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