NR565 PHARMACOLOGY FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS UPDATED (2024/2025) (VERIFIED ANSWERS)
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Course
NR 565
Institution
NR 565
NR565 PHARMACOLOGY FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS UPDATED (2024/2025) (VERIFIED ANSWERS)NR565 PHARMACOLOGY FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS UPDATED (2024/2025) (VERIFIED ANSWERS)NR565 PHARMACOLOGY FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS UPDATED (2024/2025) (VERIFIED ANSWERS)NR565 PHARMACOLOGY FINAL EXAM...
NR565 PHARMACOLOGY FINAL EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS UPDATED
(2024/2025) (VERIFIED ANSWERS)
Ideal HbA1C goal for diabetic, non-pregnant adults - ANS ✓less than 7%.
HbA1C 8% - ANS ✓history of severe hypoglycemia, limited life expectancy, or
advanced microvascular or macrovascular complications
HBA1C Value considered diagnostic of diabetes. - ANS ✓a value of 6.5% or
greater
HbA1C Measuring Interval - ANS ✓every 3 months until value is <7%; every 6
months thereafter
HbA1C Goal for Older Adults - ANS ✓<7.5% [58 mmol/mol]), while those with
multiple coexisting chronic illnesses, cognitive impairment, or functional
dependence should have less stringent glycaemic goals (such as A1C <8.0-8.5%
[64-69 mmol/mol]).
Criteria for the Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus - ANS ✓-Fasting plasma glucose
≥126 mg/dL
-Random plasma glucose ≥ 200 mg/dL plus symptoms of diabetes
-Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT): 2-h plasma glucose ≥200 mg/dLcor
-Hemoglobin A1c 6.5% or higher
T1DM Etiology and MOA - ANS ✓Autoimmune process; Loss of pancreatic β
cells;
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T2DM Etiology and MOA - ANS ✓Unknown—but there is a strong familial
association, suggesting that heredity is a risk factor; Insulin resistance and
inappropriate insulin secretion
the total daily dose (TDD) of insulin calculation - ANS ✓total weight of the
patient in kilograms (kg), multiplied by 0.6 units
Basal insulin replacement - ANS ✓50% of the total daily insulin dose which
replaces insulin from fasting (overnight) and between meals.
Bolus insulin replacement - ANS ✓50% of the total daily insulin dose and
provides carbohydrate coverage and high blood sugar correction.
Biguanides Drug Class - ANS ✓Metformin
Metformin - ANS ✓Decreases glucose production by the liver (glucogenesis),
increases tissue response to insulin;
Decrease glucose absorption; Increase glucose uptake
drug of choice for initial therapy in most patients with type 2 diabetes
Metformin contraindications - ANS ✓renal disease, acidosis from hepatic
disease, alcoholics, or in patients with hypoxia.
Metformin Major AE - ANS ✓Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms: decreased
appetite, nausea, diarrhea
Lactic acidosis (rarely)
Sulfonylureas Prototype/MOA - ANS ✓Glyburide (Prototype Drug)
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-Promote insulin secretion by the pancreas; may also increase tissue response to
insulin;
-stimulate beta cells of the pancreas to secrete more insulin
Sulfonylureas AE - ANS ✓high risk of severe hypoglycemia;
photosensitivity; therefore, patient education is needed regarding sunscreen.
blood dyscrasias
weight gain.
Sulfonylureas Contraindication - ANS ✓should be avoided in patients with
impaired hepatic or renal function.
Meglitinides (Glinides) Prototype/MOA - ANS ✓-Repaglinide (Prototype Drug)
-stimulation of pancreatic insulin release though shorter acting then
sulfonylureas and are taken with each meal
-Facilitates calcium influx in pancreatic β cells, which leads to increased insulin
release
Meglitinides Main AE - ANS ✓Hypoglycemia
Meglitinides Contraindications - ANS ✓Use with caution in patients with liver
impairment and those taking gemfibrozil.
Thiazolidinediones (Glitazones) Prototype/MOA - ANS ✓-Pioglitazone
(Prototype Drug)
-enhance insulin sensitivity/decrease insulin resistance in muscle tissue and
reduce glucagon production in the liver
-Mainly an add on to Metformin
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Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) Main AE - ANS ✓Hypoglycemia but only in the
presence of excessive insulin
Heart failure
Bladder cancer
Fractures (in women)
Ovulation and thus possible unintended pregnancy
Pioglitazone Black Box Warning - ANS ✓associated with heart failure (HF)
secondary to renal retention of fluid. If HF is diagnosed, should be discontinued
or used in reduced dosage.
Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) Contraindicatgions - ANS ✓patients with heart
failure, bladder cancer or history of bladder cancer.
Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors (Gliptins) Prototype/MOA - ANS
✓Sitagliptin/Januvia (Prototype Drug)
-Enhances actions of incretin hormones to stimulate glucose dependent insulin
and suppresses glucagon release
Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors (Gliptins) Main AE - ANS ✓-joint pain
-hypersensitivity/ angioedema
-acute pancreatitis.
Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors (Gliptins) Contraindications - ANS ✓Use
cautiously with patients with hx of pancreatitis
Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors Prototype/MOA - ANS ✓-
Canagliflozin (Prototype Drug)
-Reduces the reabsorption of glucose, increasing urinary excretion of glucose
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