PNB 2XC3 Midterm 2| exam questions an
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Hamitonsksruleks-kscorrectksanswers-
showsksthatksanksactionksshouldksincreaseksinksfrequencyksifkstheksbenefitksreceivedksbykstheksrelativeksmu
ltipliedksbykstheksrelatednessksiskslargerksthanksthekscostkstokstheksdonor
Relatednessks-kscorrectksanswers-fractionksofksgenesksthatksareksidenticalksbyksdescent
Eusocialityksinksmoleksratsks-kscorrectksanswers-
cannotksbeksexplainedksonlyksbykstheksrelatedness,ksbutksthekscostkstoksleaveksthekscolonyksandksreproduc
eksaloneksisksveryksverykshighksbecausekstheksoutsideksareaksiskssoksdifficultkstoksliveksinks-
ksinksevolutionksweksneedkstoksfocusksonksgenesksratherksthanksindividuals
blueksheronkschickkssurvivalks-kscorrectksanswers-
firstks3kssiblingsksdoksfineksnoksmatterkswhat.ksIfkssiblingks4ksdies,kssiblingks5ksdoeskswell,ksbutksifkssiblingks4ksli
veskssiblingks5ksdoesksnotksdokswellks-
ksthereksiskscompetitionksleadingkstokshigherksmortalitykswithksincreasedkscompetition
parentksoffspringksconflictks-kscorrectksanswers-
Offspringksmayksseekksmoreksthanksparentskscanksprovideks-
ksinvestmentksperksoffspringksdependsksonksthekslifetimekscostksandksbenefitkstokstheksparent
Agricultureks-kscorrectksanswers-
plantingksofkscertainkscultivarsksinksparticularkssubstrates,kscultivationksaimedksatksimprovingkscropksgro
wth,ksharvestingksforksfood,ksandksnutritionalksdependenceks-
ksevolvedksinksants,kstermitesksandksbeetlesksoverks50millionksyearsksago,ksandksonlyks10000ksyearsksagoksin
kshumans
Insectksagricultureks-kscorrectksanswers-
involvesksgrowingksfungiksonksgardeningkssubstrateksandksprotectingksthekscropksfromksundesiredksspeci
esksbyksusingkspesticides
Antksagricultureks-kscorrectksanswers-
plantksspecificksfungalksspecies,ksandkswillksremoveksandksspreadksantibioticskstokssupressksundesirablekss
pecies
insectksandksfungiksevolutionks-kscorrectksanswers-Antsksandkssomeksfungiksco-
evolvedksforksagriculture,ksbutksinkstermiteskstheksco-evolvedksfungiksisksmuchkslargerks-
ksthereksisksnotksakssinglekslargeksagricultureksfarmingkseventks(mostksareksnon-
farming),ksbutksthereksisksstillksco-evolutionksofksfungi,ksthereksisksnoksreversalkstoksnon-agricultireksinkslife
,Chemotaxisks-kscorrectksanswers-
abilityksofksorganismsksandkscellskstoksmoveksupksandksdownkschemicalksgradients,ksinvolvesksseeingksifksth
ereksiskshigherksconcentrationksinksfrontks(ifksnotksitkschangesksdirection),ksinvolvingkssuccessivekscompari
sonksandks"memory"
Spermkschemotaxisks-kscorrectksanswers-
relyksonksslightksvariationksofkstemperaturekstoksmoveksupksthekstemperatureksgradientkstowardsksthekseg
g,kseventuallyksthisksgradientksbecomeskstookssmall,kssokstheksspermksthenksuseskschemotaxiskstoksmoveks
upksthekschemicalksgradient
Simultaneouskscomparisonks-kscorrectksanswers-
impossibleksinksbacteriaksinkstheksbodyksasksthekschemicalksgradientksiskstookssmall,ksusedksbykshumansksfo
rkshearingksandksseeing,ksaskstheksnervouskssystemksisksfastksenoughkstokstellksapartkssmallkssmallksdifferen
cesks(howkslongksitkstakesksforkssoundkstokshitkseachksear)
E.kscoliksrespondingkstoksstimuliks-kscorrectksanswers-
haveksseveralkstypesksofksreceptorsksthatksdetectksakschemicalkssignal,kssecondksmessengersksthenkstakeks
theksmessagekstokstheksnucleus,kswhereksitksisksprocessedksbasedksonksmessengerksconcentrationks(pollin
g),ksdecisionksisksthenkstransmittedksandksaksresponseksisksmade
isksE.kscoliksrespondingkstoksstimulikslearningks-kscorrectksanswers-
notksquitekslearning,ksaskslearningksiskstheksabilitykstoksacquireksanksinternalksrepresentationksofksnewksinf
ormation,ksbutksthereksisksnokstrueksrepresentationksofksinformationkshere,ksitksisksmorekslikeksakssetksofksde
cisionsksaffectedksbyksnewksinformation
C.kselegansks-kscorrectksanswers-
smallkswormkswithksakssequencedksgenomeksandkscompletelyksmappedkssynapsesks-
ksresearcherskscanksturnksoffksindividualksneuronsksbykslaserksablationksandksrecordksfromksindividualksneu
rons,ksakslabksmimickedksthekschemotaxisksofksC.kselegansksintoksaksrobotks(roombas)
lifekswithoutkslearningks-kscorrectksanswers-phototaxis,ksgeotaxis,kschemotaxis,ksreflexes
Innateksbehaviourks-kscorrectksanswers-
behaviouralkspatternksthatksappearsksinksfullyksfunctionalksformksfromkstheksfirstkstimeksitksisksperformedks
(mayksnotkshavekshadkspriorksexperiencekswithksthekscueskstokselicitksthatksbehaviour,kslikekscourtship)ks-
ksallowsksrapidksresponse,ksandksproperksresponseks(noksneedksforkstrialksandkserror)
Birdsksnestksbuildingks-kscorrectksanswers-innate,ksspecies-
specificksinstructionsksincludingkswhatksmaterialkstoksuse,kswherekstoksfindksit,kswherekstoksbuildksit,ksandks
howkstoksbuildksit
villageksweaverksbirdsksnestksmakingks-kscorrectksanswers-
maleskschooseksaksforkedksbranchksandksweaveksplantksmaterialksaroundkshimself,ksthenksheksstandsksoutk
sofksthekscircleksandksweavesksuntilkscompletingkstheksroofksandksnestkscup,ksheksthenksweavesksbackwards
kstokscreateksaksdoorway,ksandksafterksobtainingksaksmateksheksweavesksanksentrancekstube
, eggksrollingksinksgeeseks-kscorrectksanswers-instinctks-
kshasksbeenkseffectiveksinksrecoveringkseggsksrolledksfromkstheksnest,ksnoksnaturalksselectionksonkseggksdisc
riminationksinksgeese
Damselflyksanti-predatorksresponseksexperimentksprotocolks-kscorrectksanswers-
Threeksgroupsksofkspikeskswereksallowedkstoksfeedksonksminnows,ksdamselflykslarvae,ksorksmealwormsks(
minnowsksco-
occurksinksnaturekswithksdamselflies,ksmealwormsksdoksnot),ksthenksbeingksmovedkstoksdifferentkstanksks
withksfreshkswaterksforks3ksdays.ksDamelflieskswhokshadksneverksbeenksexposedkstokspikekswereksplacedksin
kstankskscontainingksthekspikekswaterks(chemicalksstimuliksofkspikeksandksdeadksprey),ksandkstheksmeanksch
angeksinksfrequencyksforksfeedingksbites,ksheadksbends,ksandksmoveskswereksmeasured
Damselflyksanti-predatorksresponseksexperimentksresultsks-kscorrectksanswers-
strongksreductionksinksactivityksunderkstheksminnowsksandksdamselflies,ksbutksalmostksanksincreaseksforkst
heksmealwormsks-
ksdamselfliesksinnatelyksavoidksthekssmellksofksdeadksdamselfliesksandksminnows,ksbutksnotkstheksmealwo
rmsksbecausekstheyksdoksnotksco-occurksinksnatureksandkstheksbehaviourkshasksneverkshadkstoksbekslearned
whatksiskstheksinnateksanti-predatorksresponseksinksdamselfliesksinksresponseksto?ks-kscorrectksanswers-
possessksinnateksanti-
predatoryksresponsekstoksthekssmellksofksanksunknownksfishksthatkshaskspreyedksonksdamselfliesksorksminn
ows,ksandkstheyksdoksnotkspossessksinnateksanti-
predatoryksresponsekstoksanksunknownksfishksthatkshaskspreyedksonksunknownkspreyks-
ksitksisksnotksthekspike,ksbutkstheksdamselflies/minnows
Damselfliesksanti-predatoryksresponseksfollowksupks-kscorrectksanswers-
sameksdamselflieskswereksplacedksinkstankskscontainingksthekswaterksfromkspikesksfedksonksmealworms,kst
hosekswithksexperiencekswithksminnowsksorksdamselflieskshadksanti-
predatoryksresponses,kswhileksthosekswithksexperiencekswithksmealwormsksignoredkstheksdangerks-
ksdamselfliesksexposedkstokspikeksonksminnows/damselflieskslearnedkstoksrespondkstokstheksfish,ksbutksthe
ksdamselfliesksexposedkstoksmealwormsksneverkslearnedksthekspikekswasksakspredator
newbornksbehaviourks-kscorrectksanswers-
hasksanksinnatekstendencykstoksfeedksonkstheksmother'sksmilk,ksbutkstheksquicklykslearnskstoksidentifykshisks
motherskssmellksandksappearance
beggingksinksgullsks-kscorrectksanswers-
newlyksemergedkschickskspeckksatkstheksdotksonksanksadultsksbillkstoks"beg"
beggingksexperimentks-kscorrectksanswers-
differentksmodelsks(goodksmimic,ksverykssimpleksversion,ksgoodksmimickswithksnoksdot,kspencilkswithksthre
ekswhiteksdots),kstherekswasksnoksdifferenceksbetweenksthekssimpleksandksgoodksmimic,ksbutkstheksonekswi
thksnoksdotkshadksveryksfewkspeckingksresponsesksandksthekspencilkswaskspeckedksatksmoreksthankstheksgoo
dksmimic,ksaskstheksthreeksdotsksmakeksitksakssuper-stimulusks-
