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PNB Exam 3| questions and answers| recommended by professors
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PNB Exam 3| questions and answers| recommended by professorsPNB Exam 3| questions and answers| recommended by professors Protection of the Brain - correct answers-1) bones of the cranium 2) cranial meninges 3) cerebrospinal fluid Cranial Meninges - correct answers-First layer under craniu...

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  • November 6, 2024
  • 18
  • 2024/2025
  • Exam (elaborations)
  • Questions & answers

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  • pnb exam 3 questions and answers recommended by

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PNB Exam 3| questions and answers| rec
ls ls ls ls ls ls




ommended by professors ls ls




ProtectionlsoflsthelsBrainls-lscorrectlsanswers-1)lsboneslsoflsthelscranium
2)lscraniallsmeninges
3)lscerebrospinallsfluid
CraniallsMeningesls-lscorrectlsanswers-Firstlslayerlsunderlscranium:lsDuralsmater
Second:lsArachnoid
Third:lsPialsmater
DuralsMaterls-lscorrectlsanswers--lsTwolsfibrouslslayers
-lsSpacelsbetweenlsthelstwolslayerslscontainslstissuelsfluidslsandlsbloodlsvessels
Arachnoidls-lscorrectlsanswers-Arachnoidlsmembrane:lsEpitheliallslayer
-lsSubarachnoidlsspace
-lsDoeslsnotlsfollowlsthelsbrain'slsunderlyinglsfolds
PialsMaterls-lscorrectlsanswers--lsFollowlsthelsbrain'slsunderlyinglsfolds
-Accompanieslsthelsbrancheslsoflscerebrallsbloodlsvessels
CerebrallsSpinallsFluidls-lscorrectlsanswers--lsAroundlsandlsinsidelsbrainlsandlsspinallscord
-lsCushionlsandlsprotection
-lsMaintainlschemicallsstability
-lsMakeslsbrainlsweighlslessls
-CSFlsislsrenewedlseveryday
CirculationlsoflsCSFls-lscorrectlsanswers--
lsProducedlsbylschoroidlsplexuslsinlsthelsventriclesls(ependimallscells)




-Leaveslsthels4thlsventriclelsvialspairedlslaterallsapertureslsorlsthelssinglelsmedianlsaperture

,-Flowslsthroughlsthelssubarachnoidlsspace


-Flowslsintolsthelsarachnoidlsvilli,lsthenlsdrainslsintolsthelsdurallsvenouslssinuses
Wherelswouldlsyoulsexpectlstolsfindlsanlsinhibitorylssynapselssuchlsaslsthelsonelsinlsthelsfigurels(Green,lsyell
ow,lspurplelssynapses)ls-lscorrectlsanswers-Nucleuslscuneatus
Whatlslosslswouldlsresultlsfromlscuttinglsthroughlsthelsrightlssidelsoflsthelsmediallslemniscus?ls-
lscorrectlsanswers--Losslsoflsfinelstouchlssensationlsonlsthelsleftlssidelsoflsthelsbody



Painls-lscorrectlsanswers-
Unpleasantlssensorylsandlsemotionallsexperiencelsassociatedlswithlsactuallsorlspotentiallstissuelsdamag
e.ls


Physiologicls(acute)
Pathologicls(chronic-lsinflammatorylsorlsneuropathiclspain)
PainlsTransmissionls-lscorrectlsanswers-=Receptorslsarelsfreelsnervelsendings.ls
Slower-lsconductinglsafferents:
*lsAD(delta)lsfibersls:lspricklinglssensationls(lsmuchlsfasterlssignallsbecauselstheylsarelsmyelinated)
*lsClsfibersls:lsBurninglsorlsaching
=lsAnterolaterallssystem:lsprojectlselsewherelsinlscordlsandlsbrainstem,lsaslswelllsaslstolsthalamuslsandlsco
rtex
DorsallsHornls-lscorrectlsanswers--foundlsinlsdorsallspartlsoflsspinallscord.lsGraylsmatterls
-lsGate-controllsmechanism
-lsApplication:lstranscutaneouslselectricallsnervelsstimulationls(TENS);lsOpioids
Gate-controllsmechanismls-lscorrectlsanswers-
Nociceptionls(painlsreception)lshappenslswhenlstherelsislsmorelssmall-fiberlsstimulationlsorlsonlylssmall-
fiberlsstimulation.lsThislsinactivateslsthelsinhibitorylsneuron,lsandlsthelsprojectionlsneuronlssendslssignal
slstolsthelsbrainlsinforminglsitlsoflspainls(gatelsislsopen).
PeriaqueductallsGraylsandlsBrainlsStemls-lscorrectlsanswers--lsNucleuslsraphelsmagnusls(Serotonin)ls

, sendslsprojectionslstolsthelsdorsallshornlsoflsthelsspinallscordlstolsdirectlylsinhibitlspain.lsThelsperiaqueduc
tallsgrey,lsthelscenterlsoflsanalgesia,lssendslsefferentlsconnectionslstolsthelsnucleuslsraphelsmagnuslswhe
nlsitlsislsstimulatedlsbylsopiatesls(endogenouslsorlsotherwise).
-ls
rostrallsventromediallsmedullals(norepinephrine)ls
grouplsoflsneuronslslocatedlscloselstolsthelsmidlinelsonlsthelsfloorlsoflsthelsmedullalsoblongata
AnatomylsoflsthelsEyels-lscorrectlsanswers--Socketslsarelslikelscones
-lsmediallswallslsarelsparallel,lswhilelslaterallswallslsmakelsals90lsdegreelsangle
-lsAnnuluslsoflsZinn->lsringlsbehindlsthelseyelswherelsopticallsnervelsislsfound
-lssixlspairslsoflsmuscles
SuperiorlsRectusls-lscorrectlsanswers--lsUpwardlsandlsinward


-lsNervels3
InferiorlsRectusls-lscorrectlsanswers--lsdownwardlsandlsinward


-Nervels3
Mediallsrectusls-lscorrectlsanswers-Movelseyelsinward
-lsNervels3
Laterallsrectusls-lscorrectlsanswers-Moveslseyelsoutward
-lsNervels6
SuperiorlsObliquels-lscorrectlsanswers-Movelseyelsdownwardlsandlsoutward
-lsNervels4
InferiorlsObliquels-lscorrectlsanswers-Moveslseyelsupwardlsandlsoutward
-lsNervels3
Connectivelstissuelsoflsthelseyels-lscorrectlsanswers-
Scalera,lscornea,lscoroidls(provideslsbloodlssupplylstolsnervelslayer
Corneals-lscorrectlsanswers--Protectionlsfromlsgermslsandlsdues
-lsoutermostlslenslsbendslstolsfocuslslight

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