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Abnormal Psychology Exam 4 Lecture Notes

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Syracuse University Abnormal Psychology (PSY 395) Lecture topics include: Schizophrenia Treatment for Schizophrenia and Other Severe Mental Disorders Personality Disorders Disorders Common among Children and Adolescents Disorders of Aging and Cognition

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  • February 17, 2020
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PSY 395: Abnormal Psych Exam 4 (Exams 3-4)
Lecture Notes:
Schizophrenia oPsychosis: is a state defined by a loss of contact with reality
May be substance induced or caused by brain injury
Most psychoses appear in the form of schizophrenia
oSchizophrenia
Affects approximately 1 in every 100 people in the world
2.5 million Americans currently have the disorder
Financial and emotional costs
Increased risk of suicide
Physical/fatal illness
Appears in all socioeconomic groups, but is found more frequently in the lower levels
Stress of poverty
Downward drift theory : disorder causes victims from higher social levels to fall to lower social levels and remain there
oClinical picture
Symptoms, triggers, responsiveness to treatment and course vary greatly
Some argue it is a group of distinct disorders that share common features
oSymptoms
Positive symptoms
Pathological excesses
Bizarre additions to a person’s behavior
Delusions: faulty interpretations of reality
oDelusions of persecution: being plotted or discriminated against, spied on, slandered, threatened, attacked or deliberately victimized
oDelusions of reference: attach special and personal meaning to the actions of the others or to various objects or events
oDelusions of grandeur: believe themselves to be specially empowered persons
Disorganized thinking and speech
oFormal thought disorders: cause great confusion, make communication difficult
oLoose associations (derailment): rapidly shift from one topic to another, believing their incoherent statements make
sense
oNeologisms: made-up words that typically have meaning only to the person using them
oPerseveration: repeat their words again and again
oClang: rhyme Heightened perceptions
Hallucinations oAuditory- most common
High blood flow to broca’s area
oTactile
oSomatic
oVisual
oGustatory
oOlfactory
Inappropriate affect : display emotions that are unsuited to the situation
Negative symptoms
“pathological deficits”
Characteristics that are lacking in an individual
Poverty of speech (alogia): reduction in speech or speech content
Restricted affect
oBlunted affect: show less feelings than most people
oFlat effect: show almost no emotion at all
oAnhedonia: general lack of pleasure or enjoyment
Loss of volition (motivation or directedness)
oAvolition (apathy): feeling drained of energy and of interest in normal goals and unable to start or follow through on a course of action
oFeel ambivalence about most things
Social withdrawal
oWithdraw from their social environment and attend only to their own ideas and fantasies
oBreakdown of social skills
Psychomotor symptoms
Occurs occasionally in patients
May take extreme forms, cataonia
Slow movements
Catatonic posturing : awkward poses for a long period
Repeated grimaces
Odd gestures
Catatonic rigidity: maintain a rigid upright posture for hours
Catatonic stupor: stop responding to their environment
Catatonic excitement: move excitedly
oCourse of schizophrenia:
Usually appears between the late teens and mid-30s
Three phases:
Prodromal: symptoms are not yet obvious
Active: symptoms become apparent
oSometimes triggered by stressful event
Residual: return to a prodromal-like level of functioning
Each phase of the disorder may last for days or years
A fuller recovery from the disorder is more likely in people: With good premorbid functioning
Whose disorder was triggered by stress
With abrupt onset
With later onset (during middle age)
Who receive early treatment
Distinction between type I and type II schizophrenia helps predict the course of the disorder
Type I: dominate by positive symptoms
oMore likely to show improvement, especially when treated with medications oTied to biochemical abnormalities
Type II: dominated by negative symptoms
oTied to structural abnormalities in the brain
oCauses:
Diathesis-stress relationship: people with biological predisposition will develop schizophrenia only if certain kinds of stressors or events are also present
Biological views have gained most support
Genetic factors:
Diathesis-stress perspective: oSome people inherit a biological predisposition to schizophrenia
Disposition and disorder are triggered by later exposure to stress
Supported by studies of relatives, twins, and adoptees and by genetic linkage studies and molecular biology
Family pedigree studies have repeatedly found schizophrenia is more common among relatives of people with the disorder
oThe more closely related they are, the greater their likelihood is to have the disorder
oFactors other than genetics could explain these factors
Twin studies
oIdentical twins: if one twin develops the disorder, 48% chance the other twin will too
oFraternal twins: 17% chance of the other twin developing the disorder
oFactors other than genetics could explain
Adoption studies
oBiological relatives of adoptees with schizophrenia are more likely to display schizophrenia symptoms than than are their adoptive relatives
Genetic linkage and molecular biology studies indicate that possible gene defects on numerous chromosomes may predispose individuals to develop schizophrenia
oVaried findings indicate: “Mistaken identity”: that is, some of these gene sites do not contribute to the disorder
different types of schizophrenia are linked to different genes
schizophrenia, like many disorders, is a polygenic disorder, caused by a combination of gene defects
May lead to development through two kinds of (potentially inherited) biological abnormalities:
oBiochemical abnormalities
oAbnormal brain structure
Biochemical abnormalities
Dopamine hypothesis: certain neurons using dopamine fire too often, producing symptoms of schizophrenia
Theory is based on the effectiveness of antipsychotic medications
oCaused Parkinson’s disease-like tremor response in patients
oRelationship between symptoms suggested that they were related to excess dopamine
Have located the dopamine receptors where antipsychotic drugs bind
oCertain dopamine receptors are known to play a key role in guiding attention
Dopamine may be overactive in people with schizophrenia because
of a larger-than-usual number of dopamine receptors or their dopamine receptors may operate abnormally
Antipsychotic drugs: help correct grossly confused or distorted thinking
Phenothiazines: group of antihistamine drugs that became the first
group of effective antipsychotic medications
Second generation antipsychotic drugs: more effective than the traditional ones
oBind to serotonin receptors
oAbnormal activity or interactions of both dopamine and serotonin
Abnormal brain structure

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