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Exam (elaborations)

PHSL 1010 Exam 1 Questions And Accurate Answers

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PHSL 1010 Exam 1 Questions And Accurate Answers ...

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  • November 5, 2024
  • 28
  • 2024/2025
  • Exam (elaborations)
  • Questions & answers
  • PHSL 1010
  • PHSL 1010
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Easton
PHSL 1010 Exam 1 Questions And Accurate Answers
2025-2026


The law of mass balance states - ANSWER if a substance is to remain constant any gain
must be offset by an equal loss



Law of Mass Balance Equation - ANSWER existing body load + intake or metabolic
production (ex: food, liquid, air, through skin) = excretion or metabolic removal (through
kidneys, liver, lungs, skin)



Comparing Concentrations of Na+, Cl-, K+ in ECF vs. ICF ANSWER Na+ high in ECF, low
in ICF

Cl- high in ECF, low in ICF, but lower than Na+ for both

K+ low in ECF, high in ICF



Control systems ANSWER keep regulated variables within the normal range, near set
point or optimal value



What is the elements of a control system? - ANS Input signal [Ex: fluid imbalance],
integrating signal [Ex: nervous/endocrine system], output signal, response [Ex: breather
faster, hr increases]



What is the elements of a response loop? - ANS Stimulus, sensor, input signal,
integrating center, output signal, target, response



Negative feedback vs. positive feedback loop - ANS Negative feedback stabilizes a
variable, positive feedback reinforces stimuli



Steps of a negative feedback loop - ANSWER Initial stimulus --> response --> decrease

,stimulus --> response loop turns off



Steps of a positive feedback loop - ANSWER Initial stimulus --> response --> amplified
stimulus --> positive feedback cycle amplifies the response

-an external influence is needed to turn off a positive feedback cycle



Example of Positive Feedback Loop - ANSWER Contractions of the uterus during child
birth



cervical stretch --> stimulates oxytocin release --> causes uterine contractions -->
pushes baby against the cervix --> causes cervical stretch etc. until baby is delivered



Example of Negative Feedback Loop - ANSWER Regulating blood sugar



What does the body do in response to high blood glucose levels? ANSWER Insulin
released by beta cells, liver cells bind with insulin --> converted into glycogen --> blood
glucose level goes down --> less insulin released



What happens when the blood glucose is low? -ANSWER Alpha cells release glucagon
--> acts on target cells in liver --> liver cells break glucagon down to glucose --> blood
glucose levels increase --> less glucagon is released



Type 1 vs. Type 2 Diabetes -ANSWER Type 1: no insulin is produced therefore
insulindependent

Type 2: insulin is produced, but target cells don't take up glucose



Axes of a graph - ANSWER x axis is independent variable (ex: time), y axis is dependent
variable (varies)



Four major tissue types - ANSWER Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous

, Characteristics of epithelial tissue - ANSWER 1. Typically covers a surface as a layer of
cells

2. Cells are tightly packed next to each other (little intracellular space

3. Cells are held together by surface specializations

4. Rests on basal lamina (seals

5. Always avascular: nutrition diffuses through basal lamina



Functions of epithelial tissue - ANSWER 1. Protection (internal + external)

2. Transport

3. Absorption

4. Secretion

5. Excretion

6. Sensory reception

7. Many involve epithelial specializations (sight, taste, smell)



Classification of Epithelial Tissue - ANSWER 1. Number of cell layers (simple= one layer,
stratified = multiple layers)

2. Shape of the cells (squamous = flat, cuboidal = square, columnar = rectangular)



Where would you find simple squamous cells? - ANS blood vessel, endothelium



Where would you find simple cuboidal cells? - ANS kidney tubules



Where would you find simple columnar cells? - ANS Small intestine



Where would you find pseudostratified columnar cells? - ANS Respiratory tract (have
goblet cells which secrete mucus)

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