100% satisfaction guarantee Immediately available after payment Both online and in PDF No strings attached
logo-home
Biol 2401 Chapter 2 Outline $11.99   Add to cart

Class notes

Biol 2401 Chapter 2 Outline

 2 views  0 purchase

Unique chapter 2 outline for Biol 2401. *Essential Stuff!!

Preview 2 out of 6  pages

  • November 4, 2024
  • 6
  • 2019/2020
  • Class notes
  • Prof. melanie
  • All classes
All documents for this subject (17)
avatar-seller
anyiamgeorge19
Chapter 2
Chemistry Comes Alive

2.1 Matter and Energy
• is anything that has mass and occupies space
• Matter can be seen, smelled, and/or felt
• is mass plus the effects of gravity

• States of matter
• Matter can exist in three possible states:
• : definite shape and volume
• : changeable shape; definite volume
• : changeable shape and volume

Energy
• Energy is the capacity to do work or put matter into motion
• Energy does not have mass, nor does it take up space
• The greater the work done, the more energy it uses up
– Energy exists in two possible forms:
• – energy in action
• – stored (inactive) energy
– Energy can be transformed from potential to kinetic energy
• Stored energy can be released, resulting in action

• Forms of energy
:
• Stored in bonds of chemical substances
:
• Results from movement of charged particles
:
• Directly involved in moving matter
:
• Travels in waves (example: heat, visible light, ultraviolet light, and X rays)

2.2 Atoms and Elements
• All matter is composed of .
• Elements are substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical methods
• Four elements make up 96% of body:
• Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen
• 9 elements make up 3.9% of body
• 11 elements make up <0.01%
• Periodic table lists all known elements

2.2 Atoms and Elements
• All elements are made up of , which are:
• Unique building blocks for each element
• Smallest particles of an element with properties of that element
• What give each element its particular physical & chemical properties

Atoms and Elements (con’t)
• Atomic symbol
• One- or two-letter chemical shorthand for each element
• Example: “O” for oxygen, “C” for carbon
• Some symbols come from Latin names: “Na” (natrium) is sodium; “K” (kalium) is potassium

Structure of Atoms
• Atoms are composed of three subatomic particles:
:
• Carry a positive charge (+)
• Weigh an arbitrary 1 atomic mass unit (1 amu)
:
• Have no electrical charge (0)

, • Also weigh 1 am
:
• Carry a negative charge ()
• Are so tiny they have virtually no weight (0 amu)
• Number of positive protons is balanced by number of negative electrons, so atoms are electrically neutral
• Protons and neutrons are found in a centrally located ; electrons orbit around the nucleus

Identifying Elements
• Different elements contain different numbers of subatomic particles
• Hydrogen has 1 proton, 0 neutrons, and 1 electron
• Helium has 2 protons, 2 neutrons, and 2 electrons
• Lithium has 3 protons, 4 neutrons, and 3 electrons
• Identifying facts about an element include its atomic number, mass number, isotopes, and atomic weight
• :
• Number of protons in nucleus
• Written as subscript to left of atomic symbol
• Example: 3Li
• Mass number
• Total number of protons and neutrons in nucleus
• Total mass of atom
• Isotopes
– Structural variations of same element
– Atoms contain same number of protons but differ in the number of neutrons they contain
• Atomic numbers are same, but mass numbers different
• Atomic weight
• Average of mass numbers of all isotope forms of an atom

2.3 Combining Matter
Molecules and Compounds
• Most atoms chemically combine with other atoms to form molecules and compounds
• : general term for 2 or more atoms bonded together
• : specific molecule that has 2 or more different kinds of atoms bonded together
• Example: C6H12O6
• Molecules with only one type of atom (H2 or O2) are just called molecules

Mixtures
• Most matter exists as mixtures: two or more components that are physically intermixed
• Three basic types of mixtures
• Solutions
o Are mixtures, meaning particles are evenly distributed throughout
o Solvent: substance present in greatest amount
o Usually a liquid, such as water
o Solute(s): substance dissolved in solvent
o Present in smaller amounts
o Example: blood sugar – glucose is solute, and blood (plasma) is solvent
o True solutions are usually transparent
o Example: air (gas solution), salt solution, sugar solution
o Most solutions in body are true solutions of gases, liquids, or solids dissolved in water

• Colloids
o Also known as ; are heterogeneous mixtures, meaning that particles are not evenly
distributed throughout mixture
o Can see large solute particles in solution, but these do not settle out
o Gives solution a cloudy or milky look
o Some undergo sol-gel (solution to gel) transformations
o Example: Jell-O goes from liquid to gel
o Cytosol of cell is also a sol-gel type solution

• Suspensions
o mixtures that contain large, visible solutes that do settle out
o Example: mixture of water and sand

The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.

Quick and easy check-out

Quick and easy check-out

You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.

Focus on what matters

Focus on what matters

Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!

Frequently asked questions

What do I get when I buy this document?

You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.

Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?

Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.

Who am I buying these notes from?

Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller anyiamgeorge19. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.

Will I be stuck with a subscription?

No, you only buy these notes for $11.99. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.

Can Stuvia be trusted?

4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)

72042 documents were sold in the last 30 days

Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now

Start selling
$11.99
  • (0)
  Add to cart