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Advanced Patho NURS 5315 exam 1 2024 with verified answers
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Advanced Patho NURS 5315 exam 1 2024 with verifiedanswers
action potential - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔The process by which excitable cells transmit
information from one to another.
How is the action potential altered by a potassium imbalance? (Hyperkalemia) - ** VERIFIED
ANSWERS **✔✔The ECF has more K+ ions. The membrane potential becomes more positive
(hypopolarized).
Cells become MORE excitable.
T waves peak.
QRS complexes widen.
Causes dysrhythmias, weakness, paresthesia.
{If membrane potential becomes equal to threshold potential cardiac standstill occurs}
How is the action potential altered by a potassium imbalance? (Hypokalemia) - ** VERIFIED
ANSWERS **✔✔The ECF has less K+ ions. The membrane potential becomes more negative or
hyper-polarized.
The cell becomes less excitable, depolarization takes longer, and takes a stronger stimulus.
Causes weakness, atony, cardiac dystrhythmias.
How is the action potential altered by a calcium imbalance? (hypercalemia) - ** VERIFIED
ANSWERS **✔✔Increase in ECF calcium to >10.5 mg/dL. It decreases the cell permeability to
calcium.
The cell becomes hyperpolarized (the distance between membrane potential and threshold potential
widens).
The cell is less excitable and take more stimulus to depolarize.
Causes: weakness, hyporeflexia, lethargy, confusion, shortened QT wave, depressed T wave.
,How is the action potential altered by a calcium imbalance? (hypocalemia) - ** VERIFIED
ANSWERS **✔✔Decreased ECF calcium <9.0 mg/dL. <5.5 ionized.
Increases the cell permeability to Na+. Resting membrane potential gets hypo-polarized.
Cells become excitable and threshold and membrane potential get closer.
Causes: tetany, hyperreflexia, parathesias, seizures, dysrhythmias.
Atrophy - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔Catabolism of intracellular organelles causing a reduction
in the intracellular contents.
The cell shrinks
-The thymus gland shrinks in childhood
-Disuse atrophy
hypertrophy - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔Hormonal stimulation in response to increased
demand than causes an increase in cellular protien.
The cell gets larger - eventually causing the whole organ to get larger.
-Skeletal muscle hypertrophy in the weight lifter.
-Cardiomegaly in response to hypertensive heart disease.
Hyperplasia - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔Increase in the number of growth factor cell receptors
that activate cellular proliferation. Only happens in cell capable of mitosis.
-Increased number of cells.
-Uterine and mammary glands in pregnancy.
-Increased production of endometrial cells due to estrogen/progesterone imbalance.
Dysplasia - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔abnormal changes in cell size, shape or organization in
response to cell injury or irritation.
Not a true adaptive process.
-Cervical dysplasia.
, Metaplasia - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell
type.
-Reversible, but can induce metestatic change.
-Result of chronic stressor to the cell.
-Chronic smokers who loose normal ciliated epithelial cells (columnar) and the cells are replaced
with squamous cells.
-Barrett's esophagus: Normal esophogeal epithelial cells are replaced with columnar type cells that
are more like the intestine to withstand the acidity of reflux.
hypoxic injury - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔Most common type of cellular injury. Caused by lack
of oxygen, loss of hemoglobin, decrease in RBC production, cardiopulmonary disease, ischemia and
inflammation. Causes mitochondrial disfunction ↓ decreased ATP production, ↑ anaerobic
metabolism, metabolism ceases, cell dies.
-Ischemia progresses to hypoxia. Causes intracellular enzymes to show up in labs.
-Creatinine kinase - indicates muscle injury.
-LDH - muscle, liver, lungs, heart, RBCs and brain.
-AST - liver cells
-ALT - liver cells
-Troponin - heart
Reperfusion injury - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔Occurs when O2 supply is restored to ischemic
tissues.
Causes pH alterations.
Trigger reactive oxygen intermediates to be produced causing cell membrane damage and
mitochondrial calcium overload. Causes opening of MPTP allowing ATP to escape causing apatosis.
Free radical and Reactive Oxygen Species - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔Caused by a molecule
with one unpaired electron. They will steal from another electron and cause that electron to become
a free radical. ROS can overwhelm the mitochondria (they are a free radical subspecies)
-Caused by endothelial injury and leads to atherosclerosis.
-ROS have roles in Alzheimers, ALS, Parkinsons. ROS cause lipid peroxidation and destroy the cell
membrane. Lipid peroxidation damages proteins and fragments DNA.
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