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STA 2023 Final Exam Questions and Complete Solutions Graded A+
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STA 2023 Final Exam Questions and Complete Solutions Graded A+
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STA 2023 Final ExamQuestions and Complete
Solutions Graded A+
Population - Answer: A collection or set of individuals, objects or events whose properties are to be
analyzed.
Data is rarely collected from the entire population - instead a representative sample is used
Sample - Answer: a subset of the population
Parameter - Answer: a numerical value summarizing all data of the population
statistic - Answer: a numerical value summarizing all data of the sample
Statistic or Parameter? A health club surveys 40 randomly selected members and found the avg weight
is 157 lbs - Answer: statistic
Statistic or parameter? A researcher examines records of all registered voters and finds 43% are
registered democrats - Answer: parameter
variable - Answer: characteristic of the individuals within the population or sample
qualitative - Answer: non-numerical characteristic
may or may not be numbers, but the numbers have no real meaning (e.g., SSN, eye color)
,You cannot do any math with qualitative data (i.e., adding or subtracting SSNs doesn't give you anything
meaningful)
quantitative - Answer: numerical measurements in which the numbers have meaning.
You can compare the numbers and the comparison will make sense
Ex: fat content of different cookies
discrete data - Answer: whole numbers
countable
continuous data - Answer: non-count
What are the 4 levels of measurement? - Answer: 1) Nominal
2) Ordinal
3) Interval
4) Ratio
nominal data - Answer: qualitative data ONLY
Cannot be ordered, cannot be used for calculations
Ex: eye color, SSN
Ordinal data - Answer: can be qualitative or quantitative
Data can be ordered, but there is no meaning placed on the order
, Ex: if you are 5th in line, this doesn't mean you are 5 times better than the 1st person in line.
Interval data - Answer: Quantitative data
You can calculate differences between the data
Zero is NOT the starting point of the data, but it does contain zero, but it is NOT a true zero (e.g., 0
degrees F does not mean there is no heat at all)
Begin to see meaning in data b/c you are able to subract
Ex: IQ - there is a meaningful difference between an IQ of 109 and 110.
Ex 2: temperature
Ratio - Answer: Interval data PLUS you can form ratios, so you can express one point as a multiple of
another, i.e., you can DIVIDE the data
Ratio data starts at zero - there are NO negatives.
Ex: fat contents of cookies. You can divide to show that cookie B has twice the fat of cookie A
Quant or Qual? Nominal, Ordinal, interval or ratio? Temperatures of ocean at various depths - Answer:
quantitative, interval
Quant or Qual? Nominal, Ordinal, interval or ratio? The subjects in which college students major -
Answer: Qualitative, nominal
Quant or Qual? Nominal, Ordinal, interval or ratio? Salaries of college Profs - Answer: Quantitative, ratio
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