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AP PSYCHOLOGY EXAM REVIEW QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE ANSWERS
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AP PSYCHOLOGY EXAM REVIEW QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE ANSWERS
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AP PSYCHOLOGY EXAM REVIEWQUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE
ANSWERS
Psychology - Answer-the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
Behavior - Answer-an observable action
Monism - Answer-seeing mind and body as different aspects of the same thing
Dualism - Answer-seeing mind and body as two different things that interact
Eclectic - Answer-use of techniques and ideas from a variety of approaches
Empiricism - Answer-the view that knowledge should be acquired through observation
and often an experiment
Science - Answer-way of getting knowledge about the world based on observation
Theory - Answer-a collection of interrelated ideas and facts put forward to describe,
explain, and predict behavior and mental processes
Scientific method - Answer-in psychology, the techniques used to discover knowledge
about human behavior and mental processes
Hypothesis - Answer-a tentative statement or idea expressing a causal relationship
between two events or variables that is to be evaluated in a research study
Experiment - Answer-a procedure in which a researcher systematically manipulates and
observes elements of a situation in order to test a hypothesis and make a cause-and-
effect statement
Independent variable - Answer-the variable in a controlled experiment that the
experimenter directly and purposefully manipulates to see how the other variables
under study will be affected
Dependent variable - Answer-the variable in a controlled experiment that is expected to
change due to the manipulation of the independent variable
Experimental group - Answer-in an experiment, the group of participants to whom a
treatment is given
,Control group - Answer-subjects and not exposed to a changing variable in an
experiment
Variable - Answer-a condition or characteristic of a situation or a person that is subject
to change (it varies) within or across situations or individuals
Sample - Answer-a group of participants who are assumed to be representative of the
population about which an inference is being made
Random sample - Answer-selection of a part of the population without reason;
participation is by chance
Operational definition - Answer-a definition of a variable in terms of the set of methods
or procedures used to measure or study that variable
Participant - Answer-an individual who takes part in an experiment and whose behavior
is observed as part of the data collection process
Double-blind procedure - Answer-technique in which neither the persons involved for
those conducting the experiment know in what group to participate is involved
Debriefing - Answer-a procedure to inform participants about the true nature of an
experiment after its completion
Ethics - Answer-rules of proper and acceptable conduct that investigators use to guide
psychological research
Ethnocentrism - Answer-tendency to believe that one's own group is the standard, the
reference point by which other people and groups should be judged
Case study - Answer-a highly detailed description of a single individual or a vent
Ex post facto study - Answer-describes differences between groups of participants that
differ naturally on a variable such as race or gender
Naturalistic observation - Answer-observing and recording behavior naturally without
trying to manipulate and control the situation
Correlational research - Answer-establish the relationship between two variables
Survey research - Answer-the measurement of public opinion through the use of
sampling and questioning
Experimenter bias - Answer-expectation of the person conducting an experiment which
may be affect the outcome
,Observer bias - Answer-expectations of an observer which may distort an authentic
observation
Response bias - Answer-preconceived notions of a person answering [a survey] which
may alter the experiments purpose
Informed consent - Answer-the agreement of participants to take part in an experiment
and their acknowledgement that they understand the nature of their participation in the
research, and have been fully informed about the general nature of the research, its
goals, and methods
Normal distribution - Answer-approximate distribution of scores expected when a
sample is taken from a large population, drawn as a frequency polygon that often takes
the form of a bell-shaped curve, called the normal curve
Placebo - Answer-typically a pill that is used as a control in the experiment; a sugar pill
Pseudoscience - Answer-an unscientific system which pretends to discover
psychological information that his means are unscientific or deliberately fraudulent
Representative sample - Answer-selection of a part of the population which mirrors the
current demographics
Significant difference - Answer-in an experiment, a difference that is unlikely to have
occurred because of chance alone and is inferred to be most likely due to the
systematic manipulations of variables by the researcher
Self-fulfilling prophecy - Answer-when a researcher's expectations unknowingly create a
situation that affects the results
Statistics - Answer-branch of mathematics that deals with collecting, classifying, and
analyzing data
Descriptive statistics - Answer-general set of procedures used to summarize, condense,
and describe sets of data
Frequency distribution - Answer-a chart or array of scores, usually arranged from
highest to lowest, showing the number of instances for each score
Frequency polygon - Answer-graph of a frequency distribution that shows the number of
instances of obtained scores, usually with the data points connect by straight lines
Measure of central tendency - Answer-a descriptive statistic that tells which result or
score best represents an entire set of scores
Mean - Answer-the arithmetic average of a set of scores
, Median - Answer-the measure of central tendency that is the data point with 50% of the
scores above it and 50% below it
Mode - Answer-the most frequently occurring score in a set of data
Range - Answer-the spread between the highest and the lowest scores in a distribution
Correlation coefficient - Answer-a number that expresses the degree and direction of
the relationship between 2 variables, ranging from -1 to +1
Inferential statistics - Answer-procedures used to draw conclusions about larger
populations from small samples of data
Normal distribution - Answer-approximate distribution of scores expected when a
sample is taken from a large population, drawn as a frequency polygon that often takes
the form of a bell-shaped curve, called the normal curve
Standard deviation - Answer-a descriptive statistic that measures the variability of data
from the mean of the sample
Variability - Answer-the extent to which scores differ from one another
Structuralism - Answer-school of psychological thought that considered the structure
and elements of conscious experience to be the proper subject matter of psychology
Introspection - Answer-a person's description and analysis of what he or she is thinking
and feeling or what he or she has just thought about
Functionalism - Answer-school of psychological thought that was concerned with how
and why the conscious mind works
Psychoanalytic - Answer-perspective developed by freud, which assumes that
psychological problems are the result of anxiety resulting from unresolved conflicts and
forces of which a person might be unaware
Gestalt psychology - Answer-school of psychological thought that argued that behavior
cannot be studied in parts but must be viewed a s whole
Behaviorism - Answer-perspective that defines psychology as the study of behavior that
is directly observable or through assessment instruments
Cognitive psychology - Answer-perspective that focuses on the mental processes
involved in perception, learning, memory, and thinking
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