GARP SCR Actual Exam Solved
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1. Proxies for Climate History (~70 million years) - ANSWER Tree Rings
Corals
Speleotherms (stalactites + stalagnites)
Ice Cores
Ocean Sediment Cores
2. How to Find Proxies for Climate History - ANSWER Long-lived
geological, chemical or biological systems that have climate imprinted on
them
3. Earth's Climate Cycles - ANSWER For the last 410,000 years, Earth has
been cycling through cold periods (ice ages) and warmer, interglacial
periods; last ice age ended about 10,000 years ago; we have been in an
interglacial period since then
4. How Earth's Climate Has Changed - ANSWER - Climate has been
cooling, generally, for the last 50 million years; prior to that, earth was so
hot that there was no permanent ice
, - Earth cycles through periods of ice and warmer periods about every
100k years
-Holocene: last 11,000 years since end of last ice age
5. Recent Warming: Why It's Important - ANSWER - Late 2010s was
1degree Celsius warmer than ice age after Holocene
- Avg temp diff btwn ice + interglacial period is 6 degrees so 1 degree
warming is significant
-Warming over past century is 16x faster than warm period after last ice
age
6. Weather - ANSWER Exact state of atmosphere at a particular location
and time
7. Climate - ANSWER Long-term patterns of weather or weather
statistics; typically measured in chunks of 30 years
8. Climate Change - ANSWER long-term differences in statistics when
weather is measured over multi-decadal periods
9. Global Warming vs. Climate Change - ANSWER Global warming: only
refers to increasing temperature
,Climate Change: Changes in all aspects of climate (e.g. precipitation, sea level)
10.Surface Warming - ANSWER 1.2 deg C in last 150 years
11.Warming in Different Parts of Environment - ANSWER Land warms
more than ocean
12.Northern hemisphere has warmed more than the tropics (85% of world
pop)
13.Heating Oceans - ANSWER 93% of heat trapped by greenhouse gases
goes into heating oceans
- Heat content shows oceans gaining energy
14.Causes of Sea Level Rise - ANSWER - Melting of Grounded Ice
- Thermal expansion
15.Energy Balance - ANSWER amount of energy radiated by an object is
determined by the temp of the object
as object heats up, it radiates more energy
, 16.Energy Balance and Climate Change - ANSWER Energy reaching the
earth from the sun must be equal to the energy earth radiates back into
space
17.Greenhouse Gases - ANSWER Parts of atmosphere that absorb radiant
heat
18.Greenhouse Gases and Energy Balance - ANSWER The less energy
Earth radiates into space, and the more energy absorbed by greenhouse
gases, means that the planet will be warmer on balance
19.Greenhouse Effect - ANSWER Increase in greenhouse gases means a
warmer planet
20.Greenhouse Gas Types - ANSWER H2O - water vapor; traps the most
heat
-CO2 - next largest contributor at 0.0417% of atmosphere
- Methane (CH4): 0.8 ppm pre-industrial revolution, now a 1.9 ppm in
2020
21.How we Know Humans Are Fueling Climate Change - ANSWER The
isotopic content of carbon in the atmosphere is the same as fossil fuels we
burn 44% of carbon is human released of 56% of the remaining carbon, 50% is
absorbed into the ocean, increasing acidification; remaining 50% is absorbed in
plant growth
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