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PS 103 Congress Midterm Study Guide questions and answers certified 2024
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PS 103 Congress Midterm Study Guide questions and answers certified 2024
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PS 103 Congress Midterm Study GuideBurke's Two Congresses - correct answer ✔Two competing roles of
Congress/Parliament:
A congress of Ambassadors (fight for what their constituency wants, no
compromises) (delegate)
A congress of Lawmakers (want to get shit done, have laws passed) (trustee)
delegate - correct answer ✔votes how their constituency wants
Trustee - correct answer ✔a representative who votes based on what he or
she thinks is best for his or her constituency (Idea that elected representative
is someone we entrust to make their own decisions)
Pitkin's Four Types of Representation - correct answer ✔Formalistic
Representation - Institutional Arrangement (Barbara Lee)
Symbolic Representation - What they stand for (Bernie Sanders for working
class)
Descriptive Representation- What they look like or are like (demographics)
Substantive Representation- How they vote/preferences supported
Powers of Congress - correct answer ✔Collect taxes, borrow money,
regulate commerce with other nations, coin money, declare war, control
armed forces, make necessary laws.
Institutionalization of Congress - correct answer ✔Congress is now bigger,
there are poc, women, queer reps, Senate is direct election now, pay of
staffers has risen + #of staffers, media has changed transparency
Now more of a formal institution, more rules, subcommittees, caucuses, etc
, Four factors leading to institutionalization of Congress - correct answer
✔Workload (additional workload, leading to additional committees)
Size of Congress
Conflict with Exec branch (Prez is more powerful now, diff parties, divided
gov't/houses, + conflicts with bureaucracy)
Partisan Interests (more emphasis placed on parties now, gridlock, additional
rules + committees from that, caucus Dems+ Reps, filibuster, majority +
minority leader, Whip leaders?, etc)
Median Voter Theorem (MVT) - correct answer ✔states that the ideal point of
the median voter will win against any alternative in a pair-wise majority-rule
election
Politicians want to align themselves with the median voter
Appeal to moderates to garner votes
Theory of how you can maximize votes
MVT Assumptions - correct answer ✔People vote in their best interest,
Candidates= totally willing to change position to get votes
Single-dimensional issue/plane
Everyone is voting
Possible problems with MVT - correct answer ✔We can't assume that we
know exactly what voters want (a lot harder to explicitly figure out)
Can lose base members of your party as you move towards middle
In primaries, median voter changes, have to change with it
If you go back/forth, you could also possibly lose votes
When both candidates agree on an issue, it becomes a non-issue, gets taken
off the table, and other hot-button issues take center stage
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