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PSYB10 Midterm Exam Study Guide Solutions Social Psychology - ANSWER-scientific study of feelings, thoughts, and behaviours of individuals in social situation Personality Psychology - ANSWER-Close to social psychology, but stresses individual differences in behaviour rather than social situati...

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  • November 4, 2024
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  • 2024/2025
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PSYB10 Midterm Exam Study Guide

Solutions


Social Psychology - ANSWER✔✔-scientific study of feelings, thoughts, and behaviours of individuals in

social situation


Personality Psychology - ANSWER✔✔-Close to social psychology, but stresses individual differences in

behaviour rather than social situation


Cognitive Psychology - ANSWER✔✔-Studies how we perceive, think, and remember aspects of the world


Sociology - ANSWER✔✔-Study of behaviour of the people in the aggregate


Dispositions - ANSWER✔✔-Internal factors (beliefs, values, personalities, abilities) whether real or

imagined that guide a bebaviour


Fundamental Attribution Error: - ANSWER✔✔-Failure to recognize importance of situational influences

on behaviour and in turn overemphasize importance of dispositions on behaviour


Channel Factors - ANSWER✔✔-Certain circumstances in the situation that appear unimportant on the

surface, but have great consequence on behaviour (facilitating, blocking, or guiding in a particular

direction)


Construal - ANSWER✔✔-People's interpretation and inference about situations or stimuli they confront


Gestalt Psychology - ANSWER✔✔-Perceive objects not by some automatic registering device, but

actively (usually unconscious) interpretation of what the object represents as a whole


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Prisoner's Dilemma - ANSWER✔✔-Involving payoff to two people who must decide whether to

cooperate or defect. In the end,, trust and cooperation lead to higher joint payoffs than mistrust and

defection


Schema - ANSWER✔✔-Knowledge structure consisting of any organized body of stored information


Natural Selection - ANSWER✔✔-evolutionary processes that molds organism so traits that enhance

probability of survival and reproduction are passed onto subsequent generations


Theory of Mind - ANSWER✔✔-recognize that other people have beliefs and desires


Parental Investment - ANSWER✔✔-evolutionary principle that costs and benefits associated with

reproduction and nurturing offspring. Different for males and females, so one sex will invest more in the

child than the other sex


Naturalistic Fallacy - ANSWER✔✔-claim that things are the way they should be


Independent (Individualistic) Cultures - ANSWER✔✔-tend to think of themselves as distinct social

entities, tied together by voluntary bonds of affection and organizational membership. But are

essentially separate from others and have attributes that exist in absence of any connection to others


Interdependent (Collectivist) Cultures - ANSWER✔✔-define themselves as part of a collective, tied to

other in their group. Place less importance in individual freedom or personal control over their lives


Hindsight Bias - ANSWER✔✔-tendency to be overconfident about whether they could have predicted a

particular outcome after it has occurred


Hypothesis - ANSWER✔✔-Prediction about what will happen in a particular circumstance


Theory - ANSWER✔✔-Body of related propositions intended to describe some aspect of the world


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Participant Observation - ANSWER✔✔-involves observing some phenomenon at close range


Convenience Sample - ANSWER✔✔-not random, and biased in some way


Correlational Research - ANSWER✔✔-conduct to see if there is a relationship between certain variables.

No random assignment to different groups


Experimental Research - ANSWER✔✔-randomly assigned people to different conditions or situations and

enables researchers to make strong inference of how they conditions affect behaviour


Reverse Correlation - ANSWER✔✔-unknown which variable causes the other


Third Variable - ANSWER✔✔-neither variable causes the other, but a third one causes both


Self-Selection - ANSWER✔✔-problem arises when participants assign their level on a variable. Brings to

their value unknown properties that make causal interpretation of the outcome difficult


Longitudinal Study - ANSWER✔✔-conducted over long period of time with same population, which is

periodically assessed regarding a particular behaviour


Random Assignment - ANSWER✔✔-assign participants to groups by random. Gives great power to

experiments and rules out possibility of self-selection bias


Control Condition - ANSWER✔✔-comparable to the experiment condition in every way except lacks the

one aspect hypothesized to produce the effect on the dependent variable


Natural Experiments - ANSWER✔✔-natural phenomena having somewhat different conditions that can

be compared with almost same rigor as true experiments


External Validity - ANSWER✔✔-experimental setup closely resembles real-life situations




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