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NR 503 epi final Exam Questions with 100% verified solutions | Rated A+
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NR 503 epi final Exam Questionswith 100% verified solutions | Rated
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The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008 (GINA) ✔✔is a federal law that protects
individuals from genetic discrimination in health insurance and employment. Genetic discrimination is
the misuse of genetic information.
Essential components include ✔✔the intake, cancer risk assessment, genetic testing for an
inherited cancer syndrome, informed consent, disclosure of genetic test results, and psychosocial
assessment
All traits depend both on genetic and environmental factors. ✔✔Heredity and environment interact to
produce their effects. This means that the way genes act depends on the environment in which they act.
In the same way, the effects of environment depend on the genes with which they work. For example,
people vary in height. Although height is highly heritable , environmental variables can have a large
impact. For example, Japanese-Americans are on the average taller and heavier than their second
cousins who grew up in Japan, reflecting the effect of environmental variables, especially dietary
differences.
Point Source Outbreaks ✔✔Common source outbreaks where the source has infected cases at one
particular geographical location, during a short period of time. In such situations the source is said to be
located 'at a single point in time and place'. These outbreaks have a typical bell shaped epidemic curve,
that increases sharply, peaks and then decline sharply, which reflects the normal distribution of the
incubation period of the causative agent in humans. For this reason, the epidemic curve of a point
source outbreak can help us identify the moment of transmission (i.e. when all cases have been
exposed to the source).
Propagated outbreaks ✔✔When an infectious disease is communicable (i.e. can be transmitted from
person to person), then we can no longer consider that a single, common source is responsible for the
outbreak. The causative agent is propagated within the population through human contact patterns.
The shape of the epidemic curve in propagated outbreaks can vary and depends on the contact
pattern and the proportion of susceptible individuals.
, Classically, when a pathogen is introduced into a fully naive (i.e. fully susceptible) population with
relatively easy person to person transmission (e.g. airborne), the epidemic curve increases sharply with
incremental 'jumps'. The jumps reflect the generations of cases in the population.
Sporadic ✔✔refers to a disease that occurs infrequently and irregularly.
Endemic ✔✔refers to the constant presence and/or usual prevalence of a disease or infectious agent
in a population within a geographic area.
Hyperendemic ✔✔refers to persistent, high levels of disease occurrence. Occasionally, the amount
of disease in a community rises above the expected level.
Epidemic ✔✔refers to an increase, often sudden, in the number of cases of a disease above what is
normally expected in that population in that area.
Outbreak ✔✔carries the same definition of epidemic, but is often used for a more limited
geographic area.
Cluster ✔✔refers to an aggregation of cases grouped in place and time that are suspected to be
greater than the number expected, even though the expected number may not be known.
Pandemic ✔✔refers to an epidemic that has spread over several countries or continents,
usually affecting a large number of people.
Disaster Epidemiology ✔✔is defined as the use of epidemiology to assess the short- and long-term
adverse health effects of disasters and to predict consequences of future disasters.
The current Director- General of The WHO ✔✔is Tedros Adhanom, who started his five-year term on
1 July 2017.
WHO ✔✔began when our Constitution came into force on 7 April 1948 - a date we now celebrate every
year as World Health Day. We are now more than 7000 people working in 150 country offices, in six
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