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MICR 2420 Midterm Exam Questions and Answers

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MICR 2420 Midterm Exam Questions and Answers What microbes can degrade and/or utilize every molecule on earth? - ANSWER-bacteria and archaea What is botulism used for? - ANSWER-medicine (is a very potent toxin; is a paralytic) How do we identify new bacteria? - ANSWER-by sequence analysis of un...

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MICR 2420 Midterm Exam Questions and

Answers

What microbes can degrade and/or utilize every molecule on earth? - ANSWER✔✔-bacteria and archaea

What is botulism used for? - ANSWER✔✔-medicine (is a very potent toxin; is a paralytic)

How do we identify new bacteria? - ANSWER✔✔-by sequence analysis of universal genes (i.e. with

rRNA)

What is a process that is preserved between cells? Why? - ANSWER✔✔-translation of ribosomes; it is a

complex process with lots of restraints on mutations (i.e. genes mutate very slowly)

What is good about rRNA? - ANSWER✔✔-these genes can be used to assess how related things are to

each other (evolution; tree of life)

What is transduction by? And what are chromosomal insertions by? - ANSWER✔✔-bacteriophages;

latent viruses/retroviruses

Why is bread non alcoholic? - ANSWER✔✔-the EtOH evaporates

What is yeast? - ANSWER✔✔-unicellular fungus

A sources of disease by the ancient Greeks and Romans? - ANSWER✔✔-unseen miasmas (bad air)

What is wrong with the statement: "Bacteria belong to the domain Prokarya." - ANSWER✔✔-this is not a

domain; just needed a word to distinguish cell structures; no membrane bound organelles

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Why does water not get vaporized in deep sea vents? - ANSWER✔✔-high P

Bacteria that can survive in high temperatures? - ANSWER✔✔-hyperthermophiles

What do bacteria do that the environment can't? - ANSWER✔✔-nitrogen fixing

Full word for lithotrophs? - ANSWER✔✔-chemolithoautotrophs

3 main greenhouse gases in order of potency and dominance? - ANSWER✔✔-Co2>CH4>NO2

What are methanes reserves? - ANSWER✔✔-a product of ancient archaea

3 important people for the birth of microbiology? - ANSWER✔✔-1. Louis Pasteur

2. Robert Koch

3. Antoine van Leeumenhoek

What did Antoine van Leeuwenhoek do? - ANSWER✔✔-created a powerful microscope to reveal "animal

cules" (swimming in drop of water)

Important work by Louis Pasteur? - ANSWER✔✔--pasteurization (doesn't sterilize, but removes micro

from milk and apple juice)

-proved that microorganisms soil milk

-worked on disease and vaccines (like for rabies)

Important work by Robert Koch? - ANSWER✔✔--solid media for isolation (agar)

-made a set of rules for causative agent of disease by cultures

What is bacterial fermentation? - ANSWER✔✔-a process that uses bacteria, mold, or yeast to convert

sugars (carbohydrates) to alcohol, gases, and organic acids

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Yeast fermentation yields.... - ANSWER✔✔-CO2 and EtOH

Process for making bread with yeast? - ANSWER✔✔-Its cells metabolize the carbohydrates in flour

(middle) and produce carbon dioxide, which causes the bread to rise (right).

Idea from Hippocrates? - ANSWER✔✔-(a) Hippocrates, the "father of Western medicine," believed that

diseases had natural, not supernatural, causes.

Idea from Thucydides? - ANSWER✔✔-(b) The historian Thucydides observed that survivors of the

Athenian plague were subsequently immune to the infection.

Idea from Marcus Terentius Varro? - ANSWER✔✔-(c) Marcus Terentius Varro proposed that disease

could be caused by "certain minute creatures . . . which cannot be seen by the eye."

"Golden Age of Microbiology"? - ANSWER✔✔--a host of new discoveries between 1857 and 1914

-Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch, were especially active in advancing our understanding of the unseen

world of microbes

What are microscopes used for? - ANSWER✔✔-to produce magnified images of microorganisms, human

cells and tissues, and many other types of specimens too small to be observed with the naked eye.

What are stains and dyes used for? - ANSWER✔✔-are used to add color to microbes so they can be

better observed under a microscope.

What does growth media provide? - ANSWER✔✔-provides nutrients, including water, various salts, a

source of carbon (like glucose), and a source of nitrogen and amino acids (like yeast extract) so

microorganisms can grow and reproduce

What is a petri dish? - ANSWER✔✔--a flat-lidded dish

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-made out of either plastic or glass are used to hold growth media

What can test tubes be used for? - ANSWER✔✔--cylindrical plastic or glass tubes with rounded bottoms

and open tops

-used to grow microbes in broth, or semisolid or solid growth media.

What are Bunsen burners being phased out for? - ANSWER✔✔-Bunsen burners are being phased out in

favor of infrared microincinerators, which serve a similar purpose without the safety risks of an open

flame. [sterilize equipment]

What is taxonomy? - ANSWER✔✔-the classification, description, identification, and naming of living

organisms

What is Linnaean taxonomy? - ANSWER✔✔-a system of categorizing and naming organisms using a

standard format so scientists could discuss organisms using consistent terminology

In his taxonomy, how did Linnaeus divide the natural world? - ANSWER✔✔-three kingdoms: animal,

plant, and mineral (the mineral kingdom was later abandoned)

The names of the levels in Linnaeus's original taxonomy? - ANSWER✔✔-kingdom, class, order, family,

genus (plural: genera), and species

How did Linnaeus' system get modified? - ANSWER✔✔-taxonomies took into account the evolutionary

relationships, or phylogenies, of all different species of organisms on earth

Linnaeus's tree of life contained what branches? - ANSWER✔✔-two main branches for all living things:

the animal and plant kingdoms

Added branches to Linnaeus'? - ANSWER✔✔-Ernst Haeckel:

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