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NURS 635 Midterm student’s study guide 2024/2025 with 100% correct Solutions | Top graded A+
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NURS 635 Midterm student’s study guide 2024/2025 with 100% correct Solutions | Top graded A+
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NURS 635 Midterm student’s study guide 2024/2025with 100% correct Solutions | Top graded A+
Effects of Disease on Pharmacodynamics - ✔✔· Altered response due to:
o Acid-base status
o Electrolyte abnormalities
o Altered intravascular volume
o Tolerance
Using PK/PD Principles for Drug Therapy Management - ✔✔1. Target-Effect
Strategy 2. Target-concentration strategy
Target-Effect Strategy - ✔✔o Predetermined efficacy endpoint
Example: Reduction of blood pressure to 120/80 mmHg with
Lotensin/benazapril o Titrate drug to desired effect
· Monitor for efficacy
· If plateau occurs, may need to add additional drug or choose alternative agent.
· Monitor for toxicity
· May require decrease in dose or alternative agent.
Target-concentration strategy - ✔✔o Predetermined concentration goal
§ Based on population-based PK
§ Target concentration based on efficacy or toxicity
o Know the PK of the drug you are prescribing
§ Presence of an active metabolite?
§ Should the level of the active metabolite be measured?
, § Zero-order or first-order kinetics?
· Does it change with increasing serum concentrations?
Synergistic - ✔✔when two drugs, used together, have an effect larger than the sum of
each drug's effect(s) by itself
Rational therapeutics - ✔✔o Knowing, understanding, and implementing general principles
and specific facts about classes of drugs and individual drugs.
o seeks to maximize therapeutic responses while minimizing therapeutic failures and medical
errors that occur because of "therapeutic wrongs" (prescribing/dispensing/administering the
wrong drug/ wrong dose to the wrong patient at the wrong time)
Beta adrenergic blocking agents - ✔✔propranolol
metoprolol
esmolol (short-acting)
atenolol
Calcium channel blockers - ✔✔amlodipine
nicardipine
verapamil
felodipine
nifedipine
diltiazem
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors - ✔✔lisinopril
captopril
enalapril
ramipril
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