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GENETICS (BIO 2C03) FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE SOLUTIONS
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GENETICS (BIO 2C03) FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE SOLUTIONS Genetics - ANSWER-a subfeild of biology that investigates how genotypic and phenotypic variations in organisms are inherited -critical role in personalized medicine -drug design development gene - ANSWER-a region of DNA that helps determine...

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  • November 4, 2024
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GENETICS (BIO 2C03) FINAL EXAM STUDY

GUIDE SOLUTIONS


Genetics - ANSWER✔✔-a subfeild of biology that investigates how genotypic and phenotypic variations

in organisms are inherited




-critical role in personalized medicine


-drug design development


gene - ANSWER✔✔-a region of DNA that helps determine a characteristic


allele - ANSWER✔✔-one of two or more alternate versions of a gene


locus - ANSWER✔✔-specific place on a chromosome occupied by an allele


genotype - ANSWER✔✔-combination of alleles at one or more loci possessed by an individual


heterozygote - ANSWER✔✔-An individual organism possessing two different alleles at the same locus


homozygote - ANSWER✔✔-an indvidual organism possessing the same alleles at the same locus


phenotype - ANSWER✔✔-aka trait


the appearance or manifestation of a character


How long have humans been aware of genetics and how - ANSWER✔✔-10,000 years via selective

breeding

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Types of genetics - ANSWER✔✔-transmission : investigates the transmission of traits from generation to

generation


molecular genetics: studies the inheritance, variation and expression of proteins and nucleic acids


evolutionary genetics: studies the origins of and genetic relationships between organisms


Pedigree Analysis - ANSWER✔✔-whether a specific phenotypic trait is controlled by autosome or sex

chromosome


How did modern genetics develop - ANSWER✔✔-rediscovery of mendels findings--> chromosomes

viewed during cell division-->chromosomal theory of inheritance--> DNA identified as hereditary

material-->structure--> replication--> translation/transcription-->cloning and recombinant DNA-->

genomics era-->proteomics/transcriptomics


Prokaryotes - ANSWER✔✔--haploid


-one chromosome(circular)


-asexual reprod(mitosis)


-coding sequence is not disrupted


eukaryotes - ANSWER✔✔--diploid


-compartmentalized


-multiple chromosomes(linear)


-sexual reprod (meiosis, production of gametes)


-nucleus




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-coding sequence is disrupted by introns which must be removed before translation


gel electrophoresis - ANSWER✔✔--assay variation of genome at DNA, mRNA, protein levels


based on charge, shape, size using electric feild


- move to + end of plate due to - charge on bio molecules


- used first by linus pauling for sickle cell anemia


2 types of gel electrophoresis - ANSWER✔✔--agarose gel: easy to make, not good resolution




-polyacrylamide gel: high resolution: differences at individual base pairs are distinguishable


DNA Stain - ANSWER✔✔-Ethidium Bromide binds to sugar phosphate bb of NA


- fluoresces under UV


Protein Stain - ANSWER✔✔-Coomassie Brilliant Blue


Southern Blot - ANSWER✔✔-DNA transfer named after Edwin Southern


-hybridizes DNA +DNA


Western Blot - ANSWER✔✔-proteins


-hybridizes protein + protein


Northern - ANSWER✔✔-mRNA


-hybridizes DNA +mRNA




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Blotting - ANSWER✔✔-The transfer of DNA or proteins from an electrophoresis gel to a durable synthetic

membrane material


hereditary material exists as .. in viruses - ANSWER✔✔-ssRNA, dsRNA, ssDNA


Migration of proteins - ANSWER✔✔-CE/4pi r^2 V


Watson and Crick - ANSWER✔✔-after the determination of DNA structure and the central dogma of

biology, the focus was shifted to the influence of genotype on phenotype.


What genome is A/T rich - ANSWER✔✔-mitochondrial


mRNA - ANSWER✔✔-the only type of RNA that is translated


- identical to the DNA non template/coding strand


Are there genetic differences between cells of the same organism? - ANSWER✔✔-YES, because of

replication


3 requirements for natural selection/darwins theory - ANSWER✔✔-1) variation exists


2)differences in fitness exist for those variations


3)these differences are heritable


Evolution - ANSWER✔✔-the change in allele frequencies over time


3 forces affecting genetic variation - ANSWER✔✔-mutations +


sexual recombination +


gene flow +


What is the primary source of all variation - ANSWER✔✔-mutation (2nd is sexual recombination)

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