BIO 182 EXAM 2 | ALL QUESTIONS AND
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Why are we interested in genetics? ---------CORRECT ANSWER--------------
---- Provides a foundation for studying evolution
- Genes are the smallest units of evolution
What is Evolution? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------The change of
genetic makeup of a population from generation to generation?
Do individual organisms evolve? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------
Because evolution is "in the genes," changes in an individual's phenotype
are not passed on to offspring
What are some deviations from HW/ What are the mechanisms for
evolution/What can cause a change in the genetic composition of a
population (or taxon) ---------CORRECT ANSWER------------------ Migration
- Mutation
- Stochastic events
- Genetic drift
- Natural selection
What is the H-W equilibrium? ---------CORRECT ANSWER------------------
When a population is genetically stable:
- However, most of the time, populations are not in equilibrium!
What can HW tell us? In real life: ---------CORRECT ANSWER------------------
Mutations occur at a slow but steady rate in all known populations
- Many organisms enter and leave populations
- Most populations are not large enough to be unaffected by random
changes in allele frequencies
- Survival is virtually never random
- Reproduction in organisms that can choose their mates is also virtually
never random
Therefore, evolution must be occurring in virtually every population of living
organisms
EVOLUTION IS AS UBIQUITOUS AND INESCAPABLE AS GRAVITY!
What happens if any of the criteria for Hardy-Weinberg is NOT met? ---------
CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Evolution is occurring!
When is the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium met?
When: ---------CORRECT ANSWER------------------ There are no mutations
- There is no gene flow
- The populations must be very large
- Survival is random
- Reproduction is random
Moving from single crosses to populations ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----
------------All populations have genotype frequencies, and all populations
have allele frequencies
,How do we find the frequency of genotypes? ---------CORRECT ANSWER--
---------------Dividing the number of individuals of a certain genotype by the
total number of individuals
How do we find the frequency of that allele? ---------CORRECT ANSWER---
--------------Dividing the number of the same alleles for a gene by the total
number of alleles for that gene
What can we assume if populations are NOT evolving? ---------CORRECT
ANSWER------------------ The organism is diploid
- Reproduction is sexual
- Generations are non-overlapping
- Mating is random
- Population size is very large
- Migration is negligible
- Mutations can be ignored
- Natural selection does not affect the alleles under consideration
- The alleles under consideration are not on the sex chromosomes
Founders of Hardy-Weinberg Theorem? ---------CORRECT ANSWER--------
---------G.H Hardy, Wilhelm Weinberg, and William Castle
What is the Hardy-Weinberg Theorem? ---------CORRECT ANSWER---------
--------The frequency of alleles and genotypes in a population's gene pool
remain constant from generation to generation, assumes that populations
are NOT evolving
, What good is the Hardy-Weinberg Theorem? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-
----------------- Explains how genetic variation is preserved
- Provides a benchmark to compare to other populations (populations that
do not deviate significantly from the predictions of the theorem are said to
be in 'equilibrium')
What is the genetic definition of evolution? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----
------------Evolution is the result of changes in allele frequency in a
population over time
How did Darwin's idea challenge existing scientific and theological views: --
-------CORRECT ANSWER------------------ "Earth was young (only a few
thousands years old)
- "All creatures were unchanging and created in their current forms"
Know we know that earth is a few hundred billions of years old
Evolution is real
Natural Theology ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Biological
thought in the 1700's
"God has formed all species just as they appear; no genealogical
relationship exists between them."
• Adaptations were evidence that God had created creatures for a specific
purpose
• Classifying organisms revealed the steps in the scale of life that God had
created
Who is Carl von Linne? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Created
taxonomic system that would become central to Darwin's ideas on
evolution
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