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BIOL 205 Midterm 1 Exam Questions and Answers 100% Pass How did Ernst Mayr summarize Darwin's basic ideas? - ANSWER-Mayr proposed that Darwin's theory of natural selection could explain all of evolution, including why genes evolve at the molecular level. On the stubborn question of how species ...

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BIOL 205 Midterm 1 Exam Questions and

Answers 100% Pass


How did Ernst Mayr summarize Darwin's basic


ideas? - ANSWER✔✔-Mayr proposed that Darwin's theory of natural selection could explain all of

evolution, including why genes evolve at the molecular level. On the stubborn question of how species

originate, Mayr proposed that when a population of organisms becomes separated from the main group

by time or geography, they eventually evolve different traits and can no longer interbreed. Mayr declared

that the development of many new species is what leads to evolutionary progress


Selection causes new traits to appear in a


population. (explain) - ANSWER✔✔-Natural selection occurs when advantages traits help some

individuals survive and reproduce more than others. That causes their genes to become more common

in the population over time, and it's the way species evolve to adapt to changes in their environment


Why is the "ladder" model for thinking about


evolution misleading and wrong? - ANSWER✔✔--Evolution produces a pattern of relationships among

lineages that is tree-like, not ladder-like


-Just because we tend to read phylogenies from left to right, there is no correlation with level of

"advancement"


-For any speciation event on a phylogeny, the choice of which lineage goes to the right and which goes to

the left is arbitrary

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, Copyright © KAYLIN 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH NOVEMBER, 2024


What is a monophyletic group? - ANSWER✔✔-group that consists of a single ancestral species and all its

descendants and excludes any organisms that are not descended from that common ancestor


What is a polyphyletic group? - ANSWER✔✔-does not include the common ancestor


What is a paraphyletic group? - ANSWER✔✔-Includes the most recent common ancestor of the group,

but not all its descendants


Why do biologists want monophyletic groups? - ANSWER✔✔-They prefer monophyletic groups in formal

classifications because they are the most complete set of groups


What is the idea of parsimony? - ANSWER✔✔-states that the tree with the fewest common ancestors is

the most likely. An example would be hypothesizing that if two species both have prominent incisor

teeth they also share a single ancestor, rather than that they evolved the trait independently


jack-knifing - ANSWER✔✔-a statistical method of numerical resampling based on deleting a portion of

the original observations for each pseudo-replicate. A 50% jackknife randomly deletes half of the

columns from the alignment to create each pseudo-replicate


Bootstrapping - ANSWER✔✔-the statistical method of resampling with replacement. To apply

bootstrapping in the context of tree building, each pseudo-replicate is constructed by randomly sampling

columns of the original alignment with replacement until an alignment of the same size is obtained


Syncytial ciliate hypothesis - ANSWER✔✔-proposes that metazoans arose from an ancestor shared with

the single -celled ciliates. The common ancestor of metazoans acquired multiple nuclei within a single

cell membrane and later became compartmentalized into the multicellular condition


syncytial - ANSWER✔✔-a multinucleate mass of cytoplasm that is not separated into cells


asconoid body type in sponges - ANSWER✔✔--tubular with a central shaft called the spongocoel

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