independent variable - Answer the variable that is manipulated
dependent variable - Answer the variable that is measured or the outcome variable
construct validity - Answer how well researchers measured/manipulated variables; how accurately researcher operationalized each variable; h...
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independent variable - Answer the variable that is manipulated
dependent variable - Answer the variable that is measured or the outcome variable
construct validity - Answer how well researchers measured/manipulated variables; how accurately
researcher operationalized each variable; has to be reliable. how well was each variable measured; ask
about operationalization, reliability, does it measure what it is supposed to
external validity - Answer how well results generalize to or represent people and contexts of those
outside study. can association generalize to other people, places, times
size of sample does not matter as much as way the sample was selected from population
internal validity - Answer study should be able to rule out alternative explanations for the association;
degree to which we can say A led to B, rather than a C being involved. guard against causal temptation
(tendency to make inference there's a causal relationship when there's not)
statistical validity - Answer extent to which statistical conclusions are accurate and reasonable; strength
of association statistical significance (probability variables caused relationship, instead of relationship
formed by chance). consider effect size, statistical significance, outliers, subgroups, and check that zero
correlation isn't mistaken for curvilinear and vice versa
ecological validity - Answer study's similarity to real word contexts
response set - Answer A type of shortcut respondents can take when answering a survey. When people
use response sets, they tend to answer all questions positively, negatively, or right in the middle.
Response sets hurt construct validity, because these survey respondents are not saying what they really
think.
acquiescence bias (yea saying bias) - Answer Occurs when people say yes or strongly agree to every
item instead of thinking carefully about each one.
, nay saying response sets - Answer Occurs when the respondent disagrees with every item. This type of
response set would threaten construct validity, because instead of measuring the construct of people's
true feelings of well being, the survey would be measuring the construct of peoples laziness and
agreeableness.
observer bias - Answer without training, most people are biased observers. This is a potential threat to
construct validity, in which observers record what they want to see or expect to see, rather than what is
really happening.
observer effects - Answer also known as reactivity, occurs when people change their behavior (react)
when they know another person is watching. These effects occur with people and animals. To avoid
observer effects researchers can hide, wait it out, or measure the behavior's results (like empty liquor
bottles in the garbage)
fence sitting - Answer Especially when a survey asks controversial questions, some respondents will
play it safe by answering in the middle of the scale. May do this if the question is unclear. It can be
difficult to distinguish people who are unwilling to take a side from those who are truly ambivalent.
Researchers can get rid of this tendency by removing the neutral answer. However, this could be
problematic because sometimes people truly have no opinion.
faking good or bad - Answer Giving dishonest answers for whatever reason that focus on either the
good or bad.
socially desirable responding - Answer Sometimes called faking good. In some cases respondents know
what they think but are too embarrassed shy or worried about giving an unpopular opinion. To avoid
this, the researchers could make the survey completely anonymous. Can control for these responses by
including filler items that are unrelated to the topic.
psychological reactivity - Answer ...
demand characteristics - Answer cues that lead participants to guess a study's hypotheses or goals.
participants guess what the study is supposed to be about and change their behavior in the expected
direction. Threat to internal validity. When an experiment contains cues that lead participants to guess
its hypotheses, the experiment is said to have demand characteristics, or experimental demand.
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