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Animal Behaviour BIO 345 UVIC Final Exam Study Guide Solutions

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Animal Behaviour BIO 345 UVIC Final Exam Study Guide Solutions Draw predator-prey flow chart (behavioural options for prey) - ANSWER- Prey survivorship curve? - ANSWER- (Search) What are some methods animals avoid being found? - ANSWER-- Different time of activity from predator. - reduced mov...

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Animal Behaviour BIO 345 UVIC Final

Exam Study Guide Solutions

Draw predator-prey flow chart (behavioural options for prey) - ANSWER✔✔-

Prey survivorship curve? - ANSWER✔✔-

(Search) What are some methods animals avoid being found? - ANSWER✔✔-- Different time of activity

from predator.

- reduced movement

- camouflage

- small size

(When detected) List lecture examples for predator-specific alarm calls (an adaptation). - ANSWER✔✔-

Found in Prairie dogs, vervet monkeys, birds

(Detect) Types of visual warning displays that prey may exhibit to predators + examples. - ANSWER✔✔--

California ground squirrels (kick sand into snake face. shows intense tail flicking in presence of

rattlesnakes but not to gopher snakes. They emit IR radiation to rattlesnakes because they are gopher

snakes, rattlesnakes are more sensitive. Causes the snakes to change their behaviour from predatory to

defensive).

- Owl butterfly (fixed eyespot)

- Caterpillar snake mimic.

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- Cats arching back

- Skunks

(Detect). High fitness displays (honest signals). Define honest signals and give 4 examples. - ANSWER✔✔-

- Honest signal is used to show off the individuals fitness levels.

- Tail flicking in moorhen. Demonstrates a sign of vigilance directed towards ambushing predators.

- Tail flags and rump patches in deer.

- The poison dart frog gives an honest signal of its toxicity to warn off predators.

-Stotting in springbok. Shows that it is young, fit, and not worth chasing. Significantly increases survival.

(Detect). Behaviour of approaching the predator does what? - ANSWER✔✔-- decreases risk of

predations.

- gathers information

- warn others of danger.

- Usually seen in prey groups of high numbers.

Describe mobbing and cohesion/social grouping. - ANSWER✔✔-- Mobbing is when groups attack

predators.

- cohesion/social grouping is beneficial to achieve a "dilution effect". They will increase this behaviour

sometimes after seeing a predator (seen in minnows)

(Pursuit) 4 methods of defense of prey when they are being pursued by a predator? Give examples. -

ANSWER✔✔-Speed and manoeuverability, Protean responses (unpredictability of movement, zigzagging,

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spinning etc.), aggregated responses (fish bundling up, using flash expansion etc), sensory interference

(tiger moths making unltrasonic clicks to deter bats)

Post capture behavioural defences, give 5 types with examples. - ANSWER✔✔-1. Group defense- seen in

carnivores, primates water buffalo (remember youtube vid)

2. Faking death (thanatosis)- seens in insects, spiders, fish, reptiles (hognosed snakes), birds, mammals

(but only a few species)

3. Screaming. Investigated and varied responses, most results show its for predator interference.

4. Autotomization- shed a limb or tail to distract predators. Very energetically expensive, and usually a

last resort. After animals do this they have to stay close to shelter, take fewer risks, shift to tissue repair

rather than mating.

5. Unpalatability. Animals eating toxic foods or retaining them somehow to taste bad. Recently shown in

the african crested rat, present in birds.

An optimality model - ANSWER✔✔-If one can measure the fitness costs and benefits associated with

four alternative behavioural phenotypes in a population, then one can determine which trait confers the

greatest net benefit on individuals in that population. In this case, phenotype X is the adaptation- an

optimal trait that would replace competing alternatives, given sufficient evolutionary time.

Optimal foraging: when to forage? What can that decision depend on? Lead cutter ants? - ANSWER✔✔--

Dominant sensory modes. Vision= mainly diurnal, olfaction (nocturnal), electrodetection (nocturnal),

echolocation (nocturnal).

- Feed on fungus. They bring leaves to colony mainly at night and put fungal spores on them. Can control

growth of the non-edible fungi by placing bacteria on leaves that release antibiotics for destroying

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unwanted fungi. more leaves, more fungus, more ants. during the day, parasitic flies lay eggs on the

larger ants and ignore the small ants. Small ants forage more successfully than large ants during daylight

(??)

Optimal foraging: Search image (when confronted with a bunch of different prey, predators are less

efficient). - ANSWER✔✔-- animals tend to focus on common prey, and ignore uncommon prey.

- leads to frequency dependence or apostatic selection (mutations in prey species that make it more

likely for them to be ignored by predators, makes them more unique)

- rare prey have an advantage.

Optimal foraging: learning. - ANSWER✔✔-- improved foraging efficiency with practice.

Optimal foraging: where to search? - ANSWER✔✔-- use path of alternating left and right turns until high

value forage area is found?

move randomly until prey are encountered?

- Levy flights: random movements that can maximize the efficiency of resource sources in random search

theory. energetically efficient.

Optimal foraging: time spent in each patch (basic rules, marginal value theorem) - ANSWER✔✔--

concentrate activity in the most productive patches

- stay with patch until profitability falls to a level equal to the average for foraging patch as a whole

- leave patch once it has been reduced to a level below the average productivity

-ignore patches of low productivity.

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