PESTICIDES: RIGHT-OF-WAY & NATURAL AREAS EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED
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RIGHT OF WAY PESTICIDE
Institution
RIGHT OF WAY PESTICIDE
PESTICIDES: RIGHT-OF-WAY & NATURAL AREAS EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED
Definition of a weed:
Unwanted plants: A plant can be a weed in one spot but not a weed in a different spot.
Two main goals of weed management:
1. Minimize weed competition. (They compete with...
Unwanted plants: A plant can be a weed in one spot but not a weed in a different spot.
Two main goals of weed management:
1. Minimize weed competition. (They compete with desirable species)
2. Limit the weed's reproduction (This makes them more manageable in years to come)
How do you distinguish grasses from broadleaf plants?
Grasses (or monocots-they have a single cotyledon at germination):
-have narrow leaves with parallel veins
-fibrous root system
-reproduce mostly by seed, stolons, or rhizomes
-the growing point is usually at or below soil surface
--growing point is at top of the plant once it reaches the flowering stage
-usually produce tillers (secondary stems) form buds at the base of the primary stem
Broadleaves (dicots- two cotyledons at germination):
-have leaf veins that form a net-like or branching pattern
-generally have a tap root
,-growing point is visible at tip of shoot
-most species reproduce by seed, but some have vegetative buds either in the crown or
on the taproot, and some reproduce by spreading roots
-are further classified as either herbaceous or woody plants
How do you distinguish herbaceous plants from woody plants?
Two types of broadleaf plants
Herbaceous Plants:
-lack hard, bark layer
Woody Plants:
-have a thickened layer of dense tissue (bark) on the outside of stems
-trees, shrubs, vines
Describe the life cycles and propagation of annual plants:
Annual weeds live less than 12 months and can produce lots of seeds in a single
growing season. Many of these seeds germinate the following year, but others may not
germinate for several years. Annuals are most troublesome in cultivated areas and
disturbed sites (e.g. newly planted areas).
Summer annuals germinate from seed int eh spring, flower and produce seed during
the summer, and die in late summer or fall. They overwinter as seed and are most
serious in spring-seeded ornamentals.
,Winter annuals germinate from seed in the fall, overwinter as low-growing plants,
flower and produce seed the next spring, and then die.
Describe the life cycles and propagation of biennial plants:
Biennial weeds life for two growing seasons. Germinate from seed in spring/summer
and produce a "rosette" of leaves on the soil surface. Biennials overwinter in this rosette
stage. The following year they flower, produce seed, and die.
Describe the life cycles and propagation of perennial plants:
Perennial plants live for at least two years, and sometimes much longer. They may
reproduce by seed alone, or may spread vegetatively by: stolons, rhizomes, spreading
roots, tubers, or bulbs.
Perennials that germinate from seed often don't flower during their first year. The top
growth of herbaceous perennials flexed back each winter, so their survival depends on
storing food in underground vegetative structures. They resume growth the following
year, in which they flower and set seeds. They continue to do this every year thereafter.
Outline what you need to kill annual plants and when is it easiest to do so?
Annual weeds are generally the easiest to control, but due to abundance and high seed
production, it can be costly.
Both summer and winter annuals are easiest to control when they are small.
Annuals and biennials reproduce only by seed. Controlling these weeds with tillage or
herbicides will kill them and stop seed production, which will reduce future weed
, problems.
To kill annuals or biennials, you must kill the whole shoot. Tillage or and herbicides are
often more effective than mowing because mowing may not remove all the growing
points (in grasses, the growing point remains at ground level and in protected within the
stem during the seedling and tillering growth stages).
Outline what you need to kill biennial plants and when is it easiest to do so?
Biennials are best controlled with herbicides during the rosette stage. (When mowing or
hand labor is used, a better approach may be to focus on removing the flower stalk to
prevent seed set.)
Annuals and biennials reproduce only by seed. Controlling these weeds with tillage or
herbicides will kill them and stop seed production, which will reduce future weed
problems.
To kill annuals or biennials, you must kill the whole shoot. Tillage or and herbicides are
often more effective than mowing because mowing may not remove all the growing
points (in grasses, the growing point remains at ground level and in protected within the
stem during the seedling and tillering growth stages).
Outline what you need to kill perennial plants and when is it easiest to do so?
Perennials are the most persistent and difficult weeds to control.
You usually cannot kill a perennial weed by destroying its top growth just once- the
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