Phrenology - answer-a pseudomedicine primarily focused on measurements of the human skull, based on the concept that the brain is the organ of the mind, and that certain brain areas have localized, specific functions or modules
Psychoarchitectonics - answer-One of the ways to parse the brain, ob...
NEUR 2201 midterm 1 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
Phrenology - answer-a pseudomedicine primarily focused on measurements of the human skull,
based on the concept that the brain is the organ of the mind, and that certain brain areas have
localized, specific functions or modules
Psychoarchitectonics - answer-One of the ways to parse the brain, obtain sections of the brain
and stain them with chemical agents that reveal how neurons are "stacked" into layers
Homunculus (little person) - answer-representation of the human body in the sensory or motor
cortex; also any topographical representation of the body by a neural area
topographic organization - answer-neural spatial representation of the body or areas of the
sensory world perceived by a sensory organ
Ischemic stroke - answer-interruption of blood flow to the brain due to a blood clot, 80% of
strokes
Thrombotic strokes - answer-Blood clot forms in an artery directly leading to the brain
Embolic strokes - answer-Clot develops somewhere else in the body and travels to the brain
Cajal - answer-Nervous system is made of discrete cells
Golgi - answer-The nervous system is composed of a network of interconnected fibers: a "nerve
net"
neuron hypothesis - answer-Neurons are the units of brain function
Macrocircuits - answer-Involve a population of neurons that project from one brain region to
another (frontal - amygdala)
Microcircuits - answer-Reflect local cell-cell interactions within a particular brain region (visual
cortex)
Afferent neurons - answer-Transform a specific type of stimulus into electrical and chemical
signals to inform the nervous system of internal or external environments
Efferent neurons - answer-Responsible for direct or indirect control of effector organs such as
muscles/glands. Axons of motorneurons are efferent nerve fibers that carry signals away from
the brain to produce movement
Cell membrane - answer-Separates intracellular and extracellular fluid, regulates movement of
substances into and out of the cell
Nuclear envelope - answer-A double membrane that encloses the entire organelle and isolates
its contents from the cellular cytoplasm
, Nuclear pores - answer-Required to regulate nuclear transport of molecules across the
envelope
Nuclear matrix - answer-Adds mechanical support, much like the cytoskeleton, which supports
the cell as a whole
Mitochondria - answer-organelles that convert energy to forms that cells can use for work, site
of cellular respiration, the catabolic process that generates ATP
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum - answer-Made of a series of membranes, attached ribosomes
to its exterior makes the membrane look rougher
Ribosomes - answer-protein synthesis
Golgi apparatus - answer-A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for
export by the cell. As proteins travel through cisternae, sugars are added. These sugars act as
directions to determine where they should be delivered in the cell
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum - answer-Delivers the proteins synthesized by RER. Releases
calcium ions that are needed to help the muscles contract
Dendrites - answer-Receiving portion of nerve cell
Dendritic spines - answer-Expands the area of the dendrites, points where inputs from other
cells are directed
Axons - answer-Only one axon emanates from cell body, specialized to carry info from cell body
to other cells
Neurogenesis - answer-Division of non-neuronal cells to produce neurons
Cell migration - answer-movement of cells to establish distinct nerve cell populations
Differentiation - answer-Formation of distinct neurons or glia
Synaptogenesis - answer-establishment of synaptic connections
Neuronal cell death - answer-selective death of many nerve cells
synapse rearrangement - answer-Loss of some synapses and development of others, ; refine
synaptic connections
Astrocytes - answer--control extracellular K+ homeostasis
-remove excess glutamate
-supply glutamine to maintain glutamatergic neurotransmission
-control local blood flow and provide neurons with metabolic support
Protoplasmic astrocytes - answer--present in gray matter; density in cortex varies from 10000
and 30000 per mm3
- have many fine processes
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