100% satisfaction guarantee Immediately available after payment Both online and in PDF No strings attached
logo-home
BIOL 102 Lecture 5 - 10 Notes $13.89   Add to cart

Class notes

BIOL 102 Lecture 5 - 10 Notes

 3 views  0 purchase

This is a comprehensive and detailed note that covers lectures 5-10. *Essential!!

Preview 3 out of 16  pages

  • November 2, 2024
  • 16
  • 2017/2018
  • Class notes
  • Prof. cameron
  • All classes
All documents for this subject (38)
avatar-seller
anyiamgeorge19
CHAPTER 5 --- Skeletal
Skeletal system: made of connective tissue
Bone: Hard inorganic matrix of calcium salts
 Compact: forms shaft and ends, contains marrow space (yellow marrow = fat
marrow)
 (Red marrow produces blood cells and is in the ends of the bones)
 Spongy: trabecular
 Cells
o Osteoblast (change cartilage into bone in the fetus)
o Osteocytes: Osteons/Haversian system: cellular arrangement
(mature bone cells that maintain the structure of bone)
o Osteoclast (bone-dissolving cells)
4 Types of Bones
 Long (limbs/finger)
 Short (bones of the wrist)
 Flat (sternum, ribs, cranial bones)
 Irregular (coxal)
Periosteum: CT covering
Diaphysis - outside hard part of yellow bone, blood vessel
Epiphysis - spongy bone/ red marrow
Cartilage and Ligaments
 Cartilage
o Function: support
o Types: fibrocartilage, hyaline, and elastic cartilage
 Ligaments: attach bone to bone
Bone Development
 Prenatal: cartilage model
 Fetus: some conversion to bone
 Childhood: primary and secondary ossification sites formed
 Adolescence: cartilage growth plate elongates
Mature Bone Remodeling and Repair
 Changes in shape, size, strength
o Dependent on diet, exercise, age
 Bone cells regulated by hormones
o Parathyroid hormone (PTH): removes calcium from bone
o Calcitonin: adds calcium to bone
 Repair: hematoma and callus formation
Human Skeleton
 206 bones
Axial Skeleton - skull, vertebral, column, ribs, sternum (anything attached to the
spine)
Appendicular Skeleton - Pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, limbs
Functions of the skeletal system

,  Protection: encases most internal organs
 Support: allows body positions
 Permit movement: muscle attachments for movement
 Mineral Reservoir: calcium, phosphorus
Vertebral column
First 7: Cervical Vertebrae – (CV1-CV7)
 Smallest of the vertebrae
 Neck
 C1 called atlas – holds skulls up, nod
 C2 called axis – rotates head
Next 12: Thoracic Vertebrate – (T1-T12)
 Where ribs attach
Next 5: Lumbar Vertebrae
 Lower back
 Biggest 5
Next 5: Sacrum
 Lower back
Last 4: Coccyx
 Butt
Axial Skeleton
 Vertebral column
o Regions: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal
o Intervertebral disks: cushion the vertebrae, assist in movement/
flexibility
 Ribs
o 12 Pairs
o Bottom two pair floating
 Sternum: breastbone
o 3 bones fused together
Appendicular Skeleton: Appendages, anything not attached to the spine
 Pectoral girdle: Shoulder
o Clavicle and scapula
 Pelvic girdle: hip:
o Coxal bones, sacrum, pubic symphysis

 Limbs
o Arms: humorous, radius, ulna, wrist and hand bones
o Legs: femur, tibia, fibula, ankle, and foot bones (fibula smaller than
tibia)
Joints (articulations)
 Classified by degree of movement
 Three types of joints
o Fibrous joint: immovable (fontanels)
o Cartilaginous joint: slightly movable, cartilage connection (backbone)
o Synovial joint: freely movable (hinge joint - knee, elbow)

, Synovial Joints
 Joint capsule: synovial membrane & hyaline cartilage
 Synovial membrane secretes synovial fluid as a lubricant
 Hyaline cartilage acts as a cushion
 Types of synovial joints
o Hinge joint
o Ball and socket joint
 Tendons: join bone to muscle
Diseases and Disorders of the Skeletal System
 Sprains: stretched or torn ligaments
 Bursitis and tendinitis: inflammations (itis means inflammation)
 Arthritis: inflammation of joints
o Osteoarthritis: wearing down of the joint
o Rheumatoid arthritis: due to allergy
 Osteoporosis: excessive bone loss


CHAPTER 6 --- Muscles
Muscle Function: Produce movement or generate tension
Principle Function
 Contraction: shortens the distance between bones
 Skeletal muscle moves bones
Muscle Groups
 Synergistic: groups work together
 Antagonistic: groups oppose each other
Muscle Structure
 Fasicles
o Bundles of muscle fibers wrapped with connective tissue (fascia)
 Muscle Fibers (muscle cells)
o Long, tube shaped cell
o Multinucleate
o Packed with myofibrils (smaller)
 Myofibrils contain actin & myosin (proteins)
Skeletal Muscle Contractive Unit
Sarcomere: Contractive Unit
 Myosin: Forms think filaments
 Actin: forms thin filaments
Z lines: attachment points for sarcomeres
 Arrangement of filaments gives rise to striated appearance of skeletal muscle
Nerve Activation of Individual Muscle Cells
 Acetylcholine released from motor neuron at neuromuscular junction
 Electrical impulse transmitted along T tubules
 Calcium released from sarcoplasmic reticulum

The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.

Quick and easy check-out

Quick and easy check-out

You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.

Focus on what matters

Focus on what matters

Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!

Frequently asked questions

What do I get when I buy this document?

You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.

Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?

Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.

Who am I buying these notes from?

Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller anyiamgeorge19. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.

Will I be stuck with a subscription?

No, you only buy these notes for $13.89. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.

Can Stuvia be trusted?

4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)

73918 documents were sold in the last 30 days

Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now

Start selling
$13.89
  • (0)
  Add to cart