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PATHO EXAM 4 - UT TYLER QUESTIONS
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PATHO EXAM 4 - UT TYLER QUESTIONS
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PATHO EXAM 4 - UT TYLER QUESTIONSWhich kind of pain is caused by injury or malfunction of the nerves? - answers-
neuropathic
T/f: pain can occur with or without stimulation - answers- true
What are pain receptors called? - answers- nociceptors
Which source of pain involves the skin? - answers- cutaneous
Which source of pain involves ligaments, tendons, bones and nerves? - answers- deep
somatic
Which source of pain is from deep, internal organs? - answers- visceral
Which kind of pain is felt elsewhere in the body and makes visceral pain hard to
localize? - answers- referred
Which kind off pain is felt in an absent extremity as if the extremity is still there? -
answers- phantom limb
Which pain theory is described as larger diameter nerve fibers (touch, temp., pressure)
overriding small diameter pain fibers? - answers- gate control theory
______ gate allows the transmission of pain fibers to ascend the spinal cord to the brain
vs. ______ gate does not allow transmission - answers- open vs. Closed
What determines skeletal mass and healing after injury? - answers- bone formation and
reabsorption
Mature osteoblasts - answers- osteocytes
After what age does osteoclast activity exceeds osteoblast activity? - answers- 30
Overstretching of a ligament with possible tear due to twisting or pulling of muscle -
answers- sprain
What is the most common site for sprains? - answers- ankle
Overstretching of tendons and muscle - answers- strain
What are the most common sites for strains? - answers- lower back and hamstring due
to muscle overuse
,Any disruption complete or incomplete in the continuity of a bone - answers- fracture
Fracture where the bone protrudes outside of the body - answers- open/compound
Fracture where bone fragments separate completely, are not displaced and remain
beneath the overlying tissue - answers- closed (complete)
What is considered the most serious fracture? - answers- open/compound
Risk factors:
- lacerating an artery/vein
- hemorrhage
- soft tissue injury
- infection - answers- open/compound fracture
Surgical repair of a fracture? - answers- open reduction internal fixation (orif)
Fracture where fragments remain partially joined - answers- incomplete fracture
Fracture characterized as crossing of cancellous bone - answers- compression fracture
Fracture characterized as bone damage from repetitive activity - answers- stress
fracture
Solid, dense bone - answers- cortical
Non-solid bone with inner meshwork making it porous; also called cancellous -
answers- trabecular
Where are compression fractures most commonly seen? - answers- vertebral column
Where are stress fractures most common? - answers- foot, hands, hips, bones that are
used the most
Fracture where bone is separated but close - answers- transverse
More than one fracture line with shattered/crushed bone - answers- comminuted
Incomplete break but bone is intact - answers- greenstick
Separation of a small part of bone at site of attachment of ligament or tendon -
answers- avulsion
What prevents fatty emboli associated with long bone fractures? - answers- early
stabilization
, What are 2 goals in. The treatment of fractures? - answers- reduction: alignment of
bone and immobilization: prevents further tissue damage
What constitutes a closed reduction? - answers- external fixation devices used outside
the body for realignment
What does rice stand for? - answers- rest, ice, compression, elevation
What is the first step in the bone healing process? - answers- hematoma develops and
the inflammatory response is triggered
Bone grows and enlarges in this process where osteoblastic activity predominates -
answers- modeling
Once the bone reaches maturity, breakdown and renewal is caused by osteoclasts in a
process called? - answers- remodeling
What is the third step in the bone healing process? - answers- a callus forms and
replaces the hematoma with new mineralized bone
What is the fourth step in the bone healing process? - answers- the mesh-like callus is
replaced with sheets of mineralized bone (lamellae) that is stronger
What is the fifth step in the bone healing process? - answers- remodeling occurs and
adequate strength is restored
Which complication of fracture is described as fat globules from bone marrow entering
circulation? - answers- fat embolism
Which bone fracture are fat emboli most common after? - answers- pelvic and long
bone fractures
What complication of bone fractures can happen due to venous injury causing stasis of
blood? - answers- dvt or pulmonary embolism (pe)
Which complication of bone fracture can be local or systemic and is most commonly
caused by staph aureus? - answers- infection
Which bone fracture complication is described as swelling in a closed anatomical space
due to bleeding that reduces arterial flow to tissue? - answers- compartment syndrome
Where is compartment syndrome usually seen? - answers- anterior (front) part of leg,
shin
S/s:
- edema
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