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SPCE 611 d questions and answers already solved 2024
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SPCE 611 d questions and answers already solved 2024
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SPCE 611: Exam 1Selection by consequences - correct answer ✔causal mode found only in
living things, or in machines made by living things. It was first recognized in
natural selection, but it also accounts for the shaping and maintenance of the
behavior of the individual and the evolution of cultures.
Skinner proposes that the story presumably began.... - correct answer ✔Not
with a big bang, but when a molecule came into existence which had the
power to reproduce itself.
*Then the selection by consequences made its appearance as the causal
mode.
Reproduction - correct answer ✔Was itself a first consequence, and it led,
through natural selection, to the evolution of cells, organs, and organisms
which produced themselves under increasingly diverse conditions.
Behavior - correct answer ✔Evolved as a set of functions furthering the
interchange between organism and environment.
*in a fairly stable world it could be as much a part of the genetic endowment of
a species as digestion, respiration, or any other biological function.
Behavior functioned well under conditions fairly similar to which it was
selected. Reproduction under a much wider range of conditions became
possible with the evolution of two processes: - correct answer ✔Respondent
(Pavlovian conditioning) and operant conditioning.
,Respondent (Pavlovian) conditioning - correct answer ✔Responses
prepared in advance by natural selection could come under the control of new
stimuli.
Ex. A particular species does not have eyes in order that its members may
see better; it has them because certain members, undergoing variation, were
able to see better and hence were more likely to transmit the variation.
Operant conditioning - correct answer ✔New responses could be
strengthened (reinforced) by events which immediately follow them.
*A second kind of selection by consequences. It must have evolved in parallel
with two other products of the same contingencies of natural selection.
*The only type of selection that occurs at a speed in which it can be observed
from moment to moment.
Most operants are selected from behavior... - correct answer ✔which has
little or no relation to such stimuli.
When selecting consequences are the same... - correct answer ✔Operant
conditioning and natural selection work together redundantly.
Ex. The behavior of a duckling in following its mother is the produce of not
only natural selection but also of an evolved susceptibility to reinforcement by
proximity to such an object.
Example of behaviors studied by ethologists include - correct answer
✔Courtship, mating, intraspecific aggression, defense of territory, etc.
*they study social behaviors
,Innate social repertoires are supplemented by... - correct answer ✔Imitation
The evolution of social environments or cultures - correct answer ✔Verbal
behavior greatly increased the importance of this third kind of selection.
The process presumably begins at the level of the individual. A culture
evolves when practices originating in this way contribute to the success of the
practicing group in solving its problems.
What is responsible for the evolution of culture? - correct answer ✔The effect
on the group (not the reinforcing consequences for individual members)
Human behavior is a joint product of: - correct answer ✔(i) the contingencies
of survival responsible for the natural selection of the species, (ii) the
contingencies of reinforcement responsible for the repertoires required
acquired by its members, (iii) including the special contingencies maintained
by an evolved social environment.
*Ultimately it is a matter of natural selection, since operant conditioning is an
evolved process, of which cultural practices are special applications.
Each of the three levels of variation and selection has its own discipline: -
correct answer ✔First-Biology
Second-Psychology
Third-Anthropology
Selection pressure - correct answer ✔This appears to convert selection into
something that forces a change.
, Ex. Contingencies of selection lie in the past; they are not acting when their
effect is observed. To provide a current cause it has been assumed that they
are stored (used as information) and later retrieved.
*examples of this are growth and storage
The role of selection by consequences has been particularly resisted
because... - correct answer ✔There is no place for the initiating agent
suggested by classical mechanics.
An initiating agent can be identified by saying... - correct answer ✔(i) That a
species adapts to an environment, rather than the environment selects the
adaptive traits.
(ii) That an individual adjusts to a situation, rather than that the situation
shapes and maintains adjusted behavior.
(iii) That a group of people solve a problem raised by certain circumstances,
rather than that the circumstances select the cultural practices that yield a
solution.
The three personae of psychoanalytic theory (Freud) - correct answer ✔In
many ways this theory is close to the three levels of selection theory.
- the id doe snot adequately represent the enormous contribution of the
natural history of the species.
- the superego does not adequately represent the contribution of the social
environment to language, self-knowledge, and intellectual and ethical self-
management.
- the ego is a poor likeness of the personal repertoire acquired under the
practical contingencies of daily life.
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