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EXAM 2 SPCE 611 questions and answers already solved 2024
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EXAM 2 SPCE 611 questions and answers already solved 2024
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EXAM 2 SPCE 611validity - correct answer ✔-yields data that are directly relevant to the
phenomenon measured and to the reason(s) for measuring it
-revolves around the question: was a relevant dimension of the behavior that
is the focus of the investigation measured directly and legitimately?
-direct measure of the actual behavior will always have more validity than an
indirect measure, because a direct measure does not require an inference
about its relation to the behavior of interest, whereas an indirect measure
always requires such an interference
-3 important elements needed to be valid: a. measuring directly a socially
significant target behavior
b. measuring a dimension of the target behavior relevant to the question or
concern about the behavior
c. ensuring that the data are representative of the behaviors occurrence under
conditions and during times that are most relevant to the question or concern
about the behavior
-the validity of behavioral data is threatened when measurement is indirect,
when the wrong dimension of the target behavior is measured, or when
measurement is conducted in such a way that the data it produces are an
artifact of the actual event
accuracy - correct answer ✔the extent to which the observed value (the
quantitative label produced by measuring an event) matches the true state it
true value of the event as it exists in nature
-measurement is accurate to the degree that is corresponds to the true value
of the thing measured
-true value: measure obtained by procedures that are independent of and
different from the procedures that produced the data being evaluated and for
which the researcher has taken special or extraordinary precautions to insure
that all possible sources of error have been avoided or removed
,measurement bias - correct answer ✔-nonrandom measurement error; error
in measurement that s likely to be in one direction
reliability - correct answer ✔-describes the extent to which a measurement
procedure yields the same value when brought into repeated contact with the
same state of nature
-it is a relative concept
-the closet the values obtained by repeated measurement of the same event
are to one another. the greater the reliability
-more variability= less reliability
-poor reliability= problems with accuracy
direct measurement - correct answer ✔-occurs when the phenomenon that is
the focus of the experiment is exactly the same as the phenomenon being
measured
-yields more valid data
indirect measurement - correct answer ✔occurs when what is actually
measured is in some way different from the target behavior of interest
-provides secondhand or filtered information that requires the researcher or
practitioner to make inferences about the relationship between the event that
was measured and the actual behavior of interest
-occurs when the researcher or practitioner measures a proxy, or stand-in, for
the actual behavior or interest
pg 126
-it is incumbent upon the researcher to provide a convincing case for the
validity of the data
artifact - correct answer ✔when data give an unwarranted or misleading
picture of the behavior because of the way measurement was conducted
,measurement artifact - correct answer ✔something that appears to exist
because of the way it is measured
continuous measurement - correct answer ✔-measurement conducted in a
manner such that all instances of the response classes of interest are
detected during the observation period
discontinuous measurement - correct answer ✔describes any form of
measurement in which some instances of the response classes of interest
may not be detected
-no matter how accurate and reliable, it may yield to data that are an artifact
human error - correct answer ✔-the biggest threat to the accuracy and
reliability off data in applied behavior analysis
poorly designed measurement system - correct answer ✔pg 128
steps for training observes - correct answer ✔pg 129
observer drift - correct answer ✔unintended changes in the way data are
collected may produce measurement error
-usually entails a shift in the observers interpretation of the definition of the
target behavior from that used in training
-occurs when observers expand or compress the original definition of the
target behavior
-can be minimized by occasional observer training or booster sessions
throughout the investigation
, observer expectation - correct answer ✔-the target behavior should occur at
a certain level under particular conditions, or change when a change in
environment has been made- causes major threat to accurate measurement
naive observer - correct answer ✔-trained observer who is unaware of the
study's purpose and/or the experimental conditions in effect during a given
phase or observation period
-they receive limited information about the study's purpose and what it is
-should not receive feedback about the extent to which their data confirms or
run counter to hypothesized or treatment goals
observer reactivity - correct answer ✔-measurement error resulting from an
observers awareness that others are evaluating the data he reports
- the behavior of observers can be influenced by the knowledge that other are
evaluating the data
observer reactivity - correct answer ✔pg 130
assessing the accuracy of measurement - correct answer ✔-measurement is
accurate when the observed values match the true values of the event
-the fundamental reason for determining the accuracy of data is obvious: no
one wants to base research conclusion or make treatment decisions on faulty
data
-four interrelated purposes for conducting accuracy assortment:
--1. it is important to determine early in an analysis whether the data are good
enough to serve as the basis for making experimental or treatment decisions
--2. accuracy assessments enable the discovery and correction of specific
instances of measurement error
--3. to reveal consistent patterns of measurement error, which can lead to the
overall improvement or calibration of the measurement system
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