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Pharm 124 Exam Questions and Answers 100% Solved what is the definition of a solution? - a chemically and physically homogenous mixture of two or more substances what are the 3 classifications of solutions? ex what are they based on? - 1. based on the nature of the particles (true solutions, c...

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  • November 1, 2024
  • 34
  • 2024/2025
  • Exam (elaborations)
  • Questions & answers

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  • Pharm 124
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©NINJANERD 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
Pharm 124 Exam Questions and

Answers 100% Solved


what is the definition of a solution? - ✔✔a chemically and physically

homogenous mixture of two or more substances

what are the 3 classifications of solutions? ex what are they based on? -

✔✔1. based on the nature of the particles (true solutions, colloidal soln, or

dispersions)

2. based on route of administration

3. based on solvent/dispersion medium (aq or non aq)

what are the advantages of solution dosage forms? - ✔✔provide

completely homogeneous doses

doses are easily adjusted

immediately available for absorption and distribution

can be use by any route of administration

can easily be administered to patients unable to swallow caps or tabs

(children's dosing)

,©NINJANERD 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
what are the disadvantages of solution dosage forms? - ✔✔chemicals have

lower stability in solution

drugs may not be soluble in acceptable solvents

solutions may provide suitable media for microorganism growth (requires

additional preservatives)

increased problems associated with handling. packaging, transporting,

storage

oral dosage forms may require additional additives/techniques to mask

taste

solutions are generally provided in multiple dose containers requiring

measuring (less accurate)

what is dissolution? - ✔✔The transfer of molecules or ions from a solid

state into solution



dissolution rate doesn't = solubility



high solubility is typically associated with high dissolution rate

what are the 3 steps of dissolution? - ✔✔1. Interfacial reaction: solid

becomes molecules of solute

2. Moving into the liquid and replacement with solvent molecules

,©NINJANERD 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
3. diffusion through the boundary (stagnant layer) surrounding the particles

Gibbs free energy equation - ✔✔ΔG = ΔH - TΔS



gibbs free energy is negative for spontaneous processes



delta S is usually positive for dissolution = entropy change

Fick's Law - ✔✔migration of solute through stagnant layer is driven by

concentration different between the surface of the solute and the bulk

solution



(dC/dt)= kΔC = k(Cs-C)

Noyes-Whitney equation - ✔✔describes dissolution of spherical particles



(dm/dt) = [k1A(Cs-Ct)/h]



dm/dt - rate of mass transfer of the solute

A - surface area of the particle

h - thickness of diffusion layer

Cs - saturation of concentration of the solute

Ct - concentration of drug in bulk solution at time t

, ©NINJANERD 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
k1 - diffusion coefficient (also called D)



note K=k1 (or D) /h

K = dissolution rate constant

what are Factoring affecting dissolution rate? - ✔✔surface area of solid

- area is inversely proportional to particle size

- dispersibility ; use of wetting agent



solubility of solute (Cs)

- factors that affect solubility will impact dissolution rate

(T, solvent, Solute structure, polymorphic form. additives)



thickness of stagnant later (h) ; inversely proportional

-can decrease with stirring



diffusion coefficient k1 (sometimes called D)

-stokes; Einstein equation: D = kT/6(pi)n

what is the aim for dissolution testing? - ✔✔to measure the rate at which

the drug substance is released from the dosage form and dissolve in a

particular dissolution medium

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