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NURB 3050 Exam 4 Questions and Answers
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NURB 3050 Exam 4 Questions and Answers
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NURB 3050 Exam 4 Questions andAnswers
What are the three layers of the heart wall? - Answer--Epicardium, myocardium, and
pericardium
Describe the pericardium. - Answer--a double walled sac containing the heart and the
roots of great vessels
What is the function of the pericardial sac? - Answer--prevents displacement, physical
barrier that protects against infection, and provides lubrication
What are the atrioventricular valves? - Answer--tricuspid and mitral
What are the semilunar valves? - Answer--pulmonic and aortic
What two structures of the heart ensures proper function of the valves? - Answer--
Chordae tendinae and papillary muscles
Explain the conduction system. - Answer--A group of specialized cardiac muscle cells in
the walls of the heart that send signals to the heart muscle causing it to contract.
Which node is known as the natural pacemaker of the heart? - Answer--Sinoatrial node
(SA node)
Automaticity - Answer--the spontaneous generation and discharge of an electrical
impulse
Excitability - Answer--the response to an electrical impulse
Conductivity - Answer--the transmission of an electrical impulse from one cell to another
What positive ions are responsible for conduction? - Answer--Na+, K+, and Ca++
What positive ion plays a major role in contractility? - Answer--Calcium
What is the significance of the ST segment? - Answer--Used as diagnostic criteria for
myocardial ischemic states
What are examples of sympathetic responses? - Answer--Increase electrical
conductivity, increase contractility and cardiac output, vasoconstriction, rapidly increase
HR by stimulating SA node
, What are examples of parasympathetic responses? - Answer--Slow conduction of
action potential, decrease strength of contraction, vasodilation, and decreased HR
What does the P wave represent? - Answer--atrial depolarization
What does depolarization represent? - Answer--electrical activation of muscle cells
What does the ST Segment represent? - Answer--Isoelectric line after the QRS
What does the QRS complex represent? - Answer--Ventricular depolarization
What does repolarization represent? - Answer--Deactivation of muscle cells
What does the PR Interval represent? - Answer--.12-.20 seconds
What is cardiac output? - Answer--Multiplying HR in beats/min by stroke volume in
liters/beat
What are the four primary determinates of cardiac output? - Answer--period, afterload,
myocardial contractility, and heart rate
Preload - Answer--pressure generated at the end of diastole-pressure exerted by
volume returned to heart filling portion
Afterload - Answer--end load to against the heart contracts to eject blood
Contractility - Answer--force of contraction
Stroke Volume - Answer--volume of blood ejected each heartbeat
Ejection Fraction - Answer--fraction of outbound blood pumped from the blood by each
heart beat
End Diastole Volume - Answer--volume of blood in the ventricles before a contraction
What are 3 factors that promote venous thrombosis? - Answer--Venous stasis: slow or
obstructed venous blood flow
-Hypercoagulability of the blood
-Damage of the endothelium
What is a major respiratory complication of DVT? - Answer--Pulmonary embolism
What are the prophylactic measures taken to prevent DVT? - Answer--anticoagulation
therapy (heparin, warfarin), IVC filters, compression stockings, early ambulation,
prophylaxis
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