Exam (elaborations)
Unit 4 Exam BI 122 GRCC Periard Questions and Answers
- Course
- Institution
Unit 4 Exam BI 122 GRCC Periard Questions and Answers
[Show more]
Content preview
Unit 4 Exam BI 122 GRCC PeriardQuestions and Answers
What are the three tissue layers of the uterus? - Answers -1. Endometrium: Inner
mucosal lining of uterus
2. Myometrium: Thick middle layer
3. Perimetrium: Outer covering - serosa
endocrine glands - Answers -A ductless gland that secretes hormones into body fluids.
(ex: pituitary gland, & cells in pancreas)
exocrine glands - Answers -A gland that has ducts and has watery secretions that get
dumped into ducts that lead to body surfaces/tubes. (ex: sweat/salivary/mammary
glands)
Explain how the general functions of the endocrine system are much like those of the
nervous system. - Answers -Overall - much like the Nervous System because it
Preserves Homeostasis by coordinating and regulating activities of other cells!!
Define Hormone - Answers -Biochemical messengers released in one tissue and
transported within the circulation to affect the activities of other cells/tissues.
What are the 3 classes of hormones and give an example of each. - Answers -Lipid
Derivatives - example: Steroids (estrogen, testosterone, aldosterone, cortisol)
Eicosanoids (Prostaglandins = compounds that have hormone-like effects)
Amino Acid Derivatives - Example: norepinephrine, epinephrine, melatonin.
Peptide Hormones - Example: ADH (chain of 9 amino acids), GH (chain of 191 amino
acids), insulin, cholecystokinin (CCK), thymosin.
How are hormones inactivated? Also, how long are they active? - Answers -They are
inactivated when: They bind to the target organ, They are absorbed and broken down
by the liver or kidneys, They are broken down in ECF by enzymes.
Hormones are functional for less than an hour in circulation.
Using the 6 steps discussed in class, explain how a steroid hormone (lipid soluble
hormone) works. (Explaining using Aldosterone as an example may help) - Answers -
1st- Endocrine gland secretes steroid hormone (For example Aldosterone).
,2nd- Steroid hormone (which is lipid soluble) easily diffuses through target cell's
membrane and enters its nucleus.
3rd- Steroid hormone combines with a receptor.
4th- Steroid hormone-receptor complex binds to DNA, which activates specific genes
(activated genes promote synthesis of mRNA) *Recall DNA doesn't leave the nucleus,
so RNA takes the "notes."
5th- mRNA enters cytoplasm and directs ribosomes to synthesize specific proteins
6th- Newly synthesized proteins bring about cellular changes, producing the hormone's
effects.
Using the 6 steps discussed in class, explain how a non-steroid hormone (not lipid-
soluble) works. (Explaining using ADH may help) - Answers -1st- Endocrine gland
secretes non-steroid hormone (example ADH).
2nd- Body fluid carries hormone to its target cell.
3rd- Non-steroid hormone combines with receptor site on its target cell, which activates
G protein (a membrane protein).
4th- G protein activates an enzyme (adenylate cyclase (The enzyme) ).
5th- Enzyme (adenylate cyclase) diffuses into cytoplasm and converts ATP cAMP
(cyclic adenosine monophosphate).
6th- cAMP activates another set of enzymes that lead to cellular changes, producing
the hormone's effects. (cAMP is quickly inactivated...so a sustained response depends
on continued hormone secretion).
Does positive or negative feedback mainly control hormone secretions in the body? -
Answers -Methods of control mainly involve negative feedback (although there are a
few examples of positive feedback - example- oxytocin in labor).
How does the hypothalamus control the secretion of other hormones? Give an example
using GnRH. - Answers -It Directly releases regulatory hormones (example- GnRH) that
stimulate endocrine cells in the anterior pituitary to release hormones (example - LH),
which in turn cause other endocrine glands to release their hormones (example - sex
hormones released by testes/ovaries).
Besides the hypothalamus, what are the two other methods of controlling hormone
secretion? - Answers -The two other methods of control are: Nervous System
(Sympathetic (fight or flight) Nervous System), & Changes in Internal Environment
, What major gland does the hypothalamus control? - Answers -The hypothalamus
controls the pituitary glands activities.
function and structure of posterior pituitary gland. - Answers -Posterior pituitary
(neurohypophysis)- specialized neurons in the hypothalamus produce hormones (ADH,
OT). These hormones travel down axons to the posterior lobe and are stored there.
Nerve impulses from hypothalamus cause them to be released into blood.
function and structure of anterior pituitary - Answers -Anterior pituitary
(adenohypophysis)- releasing hormones from the hypothalamus carried by a portal
system (hypophyseal portal veins) control its secretions. Most anterior lobe hormones
stimulate the secretions of peripheral endocrine glands.
What are the female gonads and what do they produce? - Answers -The female gonads
are called Ovaries & they produces Ova/eggs.
What are the male gonads and what do they produce? - Answers -The male gonads are
the Testes & they produce sperm.
What is the scrotum and what does it contain? - Answers -The Scrotum is a pouch of
skin and is the house of the testes
What is the function of the Dartos muscle? - Answers -The Dartos muscle regulates
testicular temperature; & causes skin to wrinkle, bringing testes closer to body.
Name the structure in the testes that produce sperm. - Answers -Gonads- Testes
(originate by kidneys & descend just before birth)
Function - to produce sperm and testosterone
OR
Seminiferous tubules- contain cells that produce the sperm!
What is the function of Interstitial (Leydig) cells? - Answers -To Secrete Testosterone
Once the sperm are made, list the series of tubes (ducts) they travel through, in order,
to get out of the body. - Answers -Seminiferous tubules, rete testis, efferent ductules,
epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, Urethra (3 portions): 1. Prostatic Urethra,
2. Membranous Urethra, 3. Penile/Spongy Urethra
Function of epididymis? - Answers -Incubator for sperm (enter epididymis immature;
leave mature)
List all of the structures in the spermatic cord. - Answers -Ductus (Vas) Deferens
Testicular artery & vein
Cremaster muscle
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller millyphilip. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $12.49. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
83637 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now