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GRCC BI 232 Exam 3 with correct Answers
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Exam of 5 pages for the course GRCC at GRCC (GRCC BI 232 Exam 3)
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GRCC BI 232 Exam 3Conjugation - Answers -Requires direct contact between a donor and recipient cell.
Donor transfers a strand of DNA to the recipient
Transduction - Answers -When a virus infects a donor cell, it incorporates a fragment of
bacterial chromosomal DNA into a newly made virus particle. The virus then transfers
this fragment to a recipient cell which incorporates the DNA into its chromosome by
recombination
Transformation - Answers -When a bacterial cell dies and releases a fragment of DNA
into the environment and it taken up and incorporated into its DNA via recombination
Griffith's 1928 Experiment - Answers -Bacteria are capable of transferring genetic
information through the process of transformation
Avery, Macleod, and McCarty 1944 Experiment - Answers -Built upon Griffiths work to
demonstrate that DNA was the transforming principle
Hershey and Chase 1952 Experiment - Answers -Used genetic transfer by the process
of transduction to demonstrate the DNA and not protein is the hereditary molecule
Pyrimidines - Answers -Thymine (T), Uracil (U in RNA), Cytosine (C), All single rings
Purines - Answers -Adenine (A), Guanine (G), All double rings
Deoxyribose - Answers -Sugar in DNA
Ribose - Answers -Sugar in RNA
Phosphate Group - Answers -Attached to the 5' Carbon
Hydroxyl Group - Answers -Attached to the 3' Carbon
Nitrogen Base - Answers -Attached to the 1' Carbon
Nucleotide - Answers -Base + Sugar + 1 or more Phosphate Groups
Phosphodiester Bond - Answers -3' Carbon of the last sugar in the polynucleotide chain
is linked to the 5' carbon of the triphosphate being added
Linus Pauling - Answers -Pioneered the ball and stick model to identify molecular
structure. Proposed the triple-helical structure for DNA
, Rosalind Franklin - Answers -Used X-ray crystalography to identify that DNA had a
helical structure, and that there was 10bp per turn
Chargaff's Rule - Answers -A = T and C = G Even though different organisms have
different amounts of DNA, Adenine always equals Thymine and Guanine always equals
Cytosine
Antiparallel DNA - Answers -5' and 3' ends of complementary stands are reversed
B DNA - Answers -Right-handed double helix
Z DNA - Answers -Left-handed double helix, 2 additional bp/turn bases tilted with
respect to central axis.
Base Stacking - Answers -Keeps bases towards the middle so water cannot get inside
and break the hydrogen bonds
Major and Minor Groove - Answers -Spaces in the DNA where proteins are allowed to
bond and transcribe DNA
Telomere - Answers -Specialized sequences located at both ends of the linear
chromosome that prevent shortening. Prevents chromosome "sticky ends" which could
lead to translocations.
Eukaryotic Chromosome - Answers -Linear, Tens of millions of base pairs long, Occurs
in sets
Structural Gene - Answers -Encodes polypeptides, contain introns separated by
intergenic spacers
Functional Gene - Answers -Encodes RNA
Regional Centromere - Answers -Forms a recognition site for the kinetochore proteins
Exonucleases - Answers -Protect the ends of chromosomes from digestion with
enzymes called _________
Supercoiling - Answers -Additional coiling to an already coiled structure
Topoisomerase II - Answers -Relaxes positive supercoils by introducing negative
supercoils
Topoisomerase I - Answers -Relaxes negative supercoils by adding positive
Chromatin - Answers -Package DNA into smaller volume, strengthen DNA for cell
division, prevent damage and control gene expression and replication
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