COGNITIVE SCIENCE – MIDTERM EXAM REVISION QUESTIONS. THE BEST MIDTERM EXAM REVISION QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS (GRADED A+) (100% GUARANTEE) (2024 UPDATE).
1 view 0 purchase
Course
Cognitive Psychology
Institution
Cognitive Psychology
To "program" the brain to perform a cognitive task, we also need supervised learning - the system
is told what the desired output is for each set of inputs.
Orientation Map in Visual Cortex - ANSWER- The different pinwheels here correspond to
different spots in our visual field.
Retinotopic Map...
Disadvantages: electrical signals at the scalp are very blurred
Magnetoencephalography (MEG) - ANSWER- Advantages: non-invasive, magnetic signals
better pass through skin/skull
Disadvantages: magnetic signals very weak; requires huge, expensive, special-purpose machine
(may be changing)
Functional MRI (fMRI) - ANSWER- When neurons fire, extra oxygen flows in from nearby
blood vessels → oxygenated vs. deoxygenated blood cells are different magnetically.
IDEA: measure this blood-oxygenation-level-dependent (BOLD) signal
Advantages: non-invasive, good spatial resolution, access to deep brain regions
Disadvantages: terrible temporal resolution (BOLD changes over seconds); unclear what causes
BOLD.
,Diffusion MRI - ANSWER- Measures direction and integrity of axon bundles, but cannot
measure circuits below ~mm scale. Can tell us structurally which parts of the brain are connected
to other parts.
Measures Fractional Anisotropy (FA)
- Low FA - not much organization in this particular part of the brain.
- High FA - very strong organization; many neurons in the same direction.
How is studying the physical brain connected to understanding cognition? - ANSWER- The
fact that a cognitive process has a specific location is a useful thing to learn from neuroimaging.
Informs debate between:
Empiricists - brain is "equipotential" (not specialized into regions) and implements general
intelligence
Rationalists - brain implements distinct types of cognition, supported by different regions.
Consistency Fallacy - ANSWER- The false argument that data supports a theory because the
theory can be made consistent with that data. Need the theory to be falsifiable with neuroimaging
data (i.e. there is some pattern of that wouldn't be consistent with the theory).
What can we measure with neuroimaging? - ANSWER- 1. Region(s) involved in cognitive
processes
Hippocampus responds more to structured sequence (after some learning). Effect present even at
3 months old.
2. Timing of different operations during cognition.
, EX: Pairing Recognition - faster response/recognition of words that only appear once.)
3. Testing whether a cognitive process is occurring.
EX: vibrators produce a brain response that allows coma patients to say YES by focusing on the
left hand & that allows the patient to say NO by focusing on the right hand.
EX: In a study, they had participants try to memorize different pictures of satellites, and afterwards,
were given a memory test. Afterwards, they were given an fMRI rest period.
Found that the episodic memory system (hippocampus) would "replay" weak memories in the
background during rest.
Found that worse-remembered satellites were replayed more during rest (things we made mistakes
on).
4. Measuring individual differences in cognition.
EX: took a group of smokers trying to quit smoking & showed them anti-smoking ads. Group
dropped from 21 cigarettes/day to 5. Can we predict how much each person will change?
Those who had much greater neural responses in the medial frontal cortex were much more likely
to have a behavior change.
EX: studied reading skills of 39 children (7-12 yo) over 3 years. Used diffusion MRI to measure
fractional anisotropy (FA) in two critical axon bundles.
Found that good readers showed faster development of FA in both pathways & good readers started
with lower initial FA.
5. Measuring representations of different inputs
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller pharismusyoka99. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $12.49. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
