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TIMBY MED-SURG – DIABETES QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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TIMBY MED-SURG – DIABETES QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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TIMBY MED-SURG – DIABETES QUESTIONS ANDANSWERS
group of metabolic diseases characterized by increased levels of glucose in the blood
caused by defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both - Answers- Diabetes
type 1 diabetes mellitus - Answers- diabetes in which there is no beta cell production of
insulin--the patient is dependent on insulin for survival; beta cells targeted resulting in
low or no production of insulin
-younger than 20 years old (early onset)
-autoimmune disorder
-genetic/environmental etiology
-viral infection / toxins from the environment
type 2 diabetes - Answers- -progressive disorder in which body cells become less
responsive to insulin.
-chronic condition that affects the way the body processes blood sugar
-insulin resistance / insufficient insulin that may result in the eventual need for insulin
therapy
-common in aging adult (45-65 above)
-impaired insulin secretion
risk factors of type 2 diabetes - Answers- family history, obesity, race/ethnicity, age,
hypertension, low HDL, high triglyceride level, gestational diabetes, prediabetes
symptoms of DM - Answers- type 1: Polydipsia - Excessive thirst
Polyuria - frequent urination
Polyphagia - feels hungry/increased appetite
type 2: fatigue, weakness, blurred vision, tingling and numbness in hands or feet, dry
skin, skin lesion or wounds that are slow to heal, and recurrent infections
BLOOD TEST LEVELS FOR DIAGNOSIS OF DIABETES AND PREDIABETES -
Answers- A1C/Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) - simple blood test that measures your
average blood sugar levels over the past 3 months.
-measures the percentage of your red blood cells that have sugar-coated hemoglobin.
Fasting Plasma Glucose - checks your fasting blood sugar levels. Fasting means after
not having anything to eat or drink (except water) for at least 8 hours before the test.
This test is usually done first thing in the morning, before breakfast.
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test - plasma glucose is measured 2 hours after ingesting
equivalent of 75gm of anhydrous glucose
-fast overnight, and the fasting blood sugar level is measured. Then you drink a sugary
liquid, and blood sugar levels are tested periodically for the next two hours.
Random plasma glucose test - blood check at any time of the day; blood sugar - greater
than or equal to 200 mg/dl
, 5 components of diabetes management - Answers- 1. nutritional therapy/diet
2. exercise
3. monitoring
4. pharmacologic therapy
5. education
Which of the following statements about insulin is true? a. Insulin acts as a transport
protein, carrying glucose across the cell membrane. b. Insulin facilitates the movement
of intracellular glucose transporters to the cell membrane. c. Insulin stimulates the
breakdown of stored glycogen into glucose. d. Insulin stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb
glucose into the bloodstream. - Answers- b. the effect of insulin is to provide uptake of
glucose towards the cell
1. Which of the following statements are true about insulin?
A. It can be taken orally or injected subcutaneously to control high glucose level in the
bloodB. It is an endogenous replacement for low insulin levels in patients with diabetes
mellitusC. It acts on various insulin receptor sites to facilitate entry of glucose into the
cellsD. It should be avoided in pregnant patients with diabetes - Answers- C. Acts on
various insulin receptor sites to facilitate entry of glucose into the cellsIt is the insulin'
mechanism of action to control hyperglycemia. It is in parenteral form only and is an
exogenous replacement for low insulin levels. Lastly, insulin is the treatment of choice in
pregnant patients with diabetes.
Hypoglycemia - Answers- low blood sugar
signs & symptoms: Headache, shaking, sweating, feeling tired, weakness, hunger,
nervousness or anxiety, feeling irritable
cause: taking too much insulin/diabetes medication,
not eating enough food at your meals or snacks, missing or delaying a meal, getting
more exercise than usual without changing food or medications, drinking alcohol without
eating food.
-occurs when your blood sugar falls below 70mg/dl.
-critical level is 50 mg/dl
Treatment for hypoglycemia - Answers- Give 15 g of fast-acting, concentrated
carbohydrate
◦Three or four glucose tablets
◦4 to 6 oz of juice or regular soda (not diet soda)
Retest blood glucose in 15 minutes; retreat if >70 mg/dL or if symptoms persist more
than 10 to 15 minutes and testing is not possible
Provide a snack with protein and carbohydrate unless the patient plans to eat a meal
within 30 to 60 minutes
If patient can't swallow/unconscious - 25 to 50 ml of 50% dextrose solution IV or 1 mg
glucagon SQ or IM
DKA (diabetic ketoacidosis) - Answers- Shortage of insulin resulting in hyperglycemia
and production of ketones; common in type 1;
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