NSG 122 Fundamentals of Nursing
(2024/2025) Exam 4 Questions with
Correct Detailed Answers || Already
Graded A+ <LATEST VERSION>
Stages of sleep cycle - ANSWER ✔ - stage 1 NREM: relaxed state, easily
arousable
- stage 2 NREM: very light sleep, still easily arousable
- stage 3 NREM: difficult to wake
- stage 4 NREM: Delta sleep, BP/HR/resp/temp decreased
- REM sleep: dream stage (20-25% of sleep)
psychosocial effects of insufficient sleep - ANSWER ✔ - depression
- anxiety
- loneliness
- personal conflicts
physiological effects of insufficient sleep - ANSWER ✔ - diabetes type 2
- increased risk of obesity
- hypertension
- children - growth and development issues
- increased risk of cardiovascular disease
sleep apnea - ANSWER ✔ - soft tissue in back of throat blocks the airway
- 5-15 periods of not breathing at night
- mostly affects overweight people
- heavy snoring
narcolepsy - ANSWER ✔ - central sleep disorder of hypersomnolence
- excessive involuntary sleep
Aging changes 1. Mouth and saliva - ANSWER ✔ Diminished saliva production
leads to dry mouth.
Joints and Bones - ANSWER ✔ Joints tend to stiffen and lose flexibility and
range of motion may decrease. Bone demineralization occurs; bones become
porous and brittle. Fracture is more common
GI and stool: - ANSWER ✔ Digestive juice continues to diminish, and nutrient
absorption decreases. Malnutrition and anemia have become more common.
Reduced muscle tone and decreased peristalsis causing constipation and
indigestion
Self-concept: Loss/ Retirement- loss of home 1. Assessment - ANSWER ✔
Promote psychosocial development - ANSWER ✔ a. a person's self-concept is
relatively stable throughout adult life. An older adult who has a strong sense of
self-identity and has successfully met challenges earlier in life will probably
continue to do so. This person substitutes new roles for old roles and perhaps
continues former roles in a new context. b. A self-actualized person has realistic
perceptions of self, is a problem solver, is usually spontaneous, needs time to focus
on his or her individual potential, and views the world with a sense of appreciation.
On the other hand, events that may accompany aging can threaten a person's
selfconcept. c. Provide opportunities for social engagement. most communities
have senior citizens' centers that offer meals, social and informational programs,
and other activities for a nominal fee. Other organizations offer opportunities for
travel, cultural events, and political involvement. Affiliation with people of the
same age allows older adults to share common interests and concerns, and to find
status among their peers
Encourage feelings about loss and their past job - ANSWER ✔ . Depending on the
person's outlook on life and past ability to cope, events such as retirement, loss of
,health or income, loss of ability to operate a motor vehicle, and isolation can be
devastating. For example, a retired teacher whose sense of identity was closely tied
to career may suddenly be in the position of having lost friends, income, and sense
of accomplishment, and may consequently feel a great loss of control and self-
identity. b. Nurses use reminiscence therapy to encourage reflection and facilitate
adaptation to present circumstances.
4. May feel like a burden to family-Assess for these issues - ANSWER ✔ a. It can
be a guilt-ridden and emotionally draining time for all involved when an older
adult's physical or emotional illness causes a reversal of roles. The adult child may
take on a parenting-type role, while the parent assumes a more dependent, child-
like role. This situation can strain family resources. b. The nurse must view the
whole family as the recipient of care and assess the family for capabilities and
limitations for assisting the aged member. The nurse can help ease the strain by
listening to the patient's and family's concerns and by validating the importance of
family needs. The nurse assists the patient and family to find workable solutions
and may refer the family to community support services.
DNR - ANSWER ✔ A Do Not Resuscitate order means that no attempts are to be
made to resuscitate a patient whose breathing or heart stops. Some facilities use the
term Allow Natural Death (AND) order instead of Do Not Resuscitate because it is
easier for families to authorize doing something positive rather than preventing
something (i.e., a resuscitative effort) that is usually perceived to be helpful. You
may also see a Do Not Intubate (DNI) order.
CPR must be started if Code status unknown: - ANSWER ✔ The standard of care
still obligates health care professionals to attempt resuscitation if a patient's
breathing or heart stops (cardiopulmonary arrest) and there is no AND or DNR
order to the contrary. For this reason, nurses must clarify a patient's code status if
the probable benefits of resuscitation are negligible or if the nurse has reason to
believe a patient would not want to be resuscitated.
Slow code" is not an acceptable action: - ANSWER ✔ A health care provider who
believes the patient will not benefit from resuscitative measures may indicate
verbally to the nurse that only a Slow Code (or "Show Code") should be called—
that is, in the case of cardiopulmonary or respiratory arrest, calling a code and
resuscitating the patient are to be delayed until these measures will be ineffectual.
Many health care institutions have policies forbidding this, and a nurse could be
, charged with negligence in the event of a Slow Code and resulting in patient death.
Be sure to check your facility's policies
Comfort measures require an order/prescription: - ANSWER ✔ Patients or their
surrogates may request a Comfort Measures Only order, which indicates that the
goal of treatment is a comfortable, dignified death and that further life-sustaining
measures are no longer indicated. A Do Not Hospitalize order is often used for
patients in long-term care and other residential settings who have elected not to be
hospitalized for further aggressive treatment
Advanced Directives/ Advanced Care Planning: Planning - ANSWER ✔
Educate about ways to express healthcare wishes - ANSWER ✔ Advance care
planning (ACP) is a process of planning for future care in the event a person
becomes unable to make his or her own decisions. Because such events can occur
in healthy people as well as in older adults or patients with serious illnesses, ACP
is recommended for all adults, whatever their age or health status
Advanced directives definition and use - ANSWER ✔ a. advance directives—a
living will and a durable power of attorney for health care—can minimize
difficulties by allowing people to state in advance what their choices would be for
health care should certain circumstances develop. Living wills provide specific
instructions about the kinds of health care that should be provided or foregone in
particular situations. A durable power of attorney for health care appoints an agent
the person trusts to make decisions in the event of subsequent incapacity. i. For
anyone 18 and older ii. Provides instructions for future treatment iii. Appoints a
Health Care Representative iv. Does not guide Emergency Medical Personnel v.
Guides inpatient treatment decisions when made available b. A Physician Order for
Life-Sustaining Treatment form, or POLST form, is a medical order indicating a
patient's wishes regarding treatments commonly used in a medical crisis. Because
it is a medical order, a POLST form must be completed and signed by a health care
professional and cannot be filled out by a patient
Nurses can assist and explain Advanced Care Planning/ Directives - ANSWER ✔
a. Many methods have been suggested to ensure that adult patients have an
opportunity to learn about Page 12 of 14 and use advance directives to indicate
their wishes about life-prolonging treatment and to appoint surrogate decision-
makers should they lose decision-making capacity. Nurses play an important role
in facilitating this dialogue. In the United States, the Patient Self-Determination
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller ProfBenjamin. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $11.99. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
