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AQA A-LEVEL BIOLOGY. 3.2 – CELLS TEST WITH CORRECT ANSWERS ONLY
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AQA A-LEVEL BIOLOGY. 3.2 – CELLS TEST WITH CORRECT ANSWERS ONLY
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AQA A-LEVEL BIOLOGY. 3.2 – CELLSTEST WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
ONLY
Structure bof bNucleus. b- b bcorrect banswer-1. bNuclear benvelope: bdouble bmembrane
bsurrounding bnucleus, bouter bmembrane bcontinuous bwith bthe b(R)ER bof bthe bcell.
2. bNuclear bpores: ballow bthe bpassage bof blarger bmolecules, bsuch bas bmRNA, bout bof bthe
bnucleus.
3. bNucleoplasm: bgranular, bjelly-like bmaterial bmaking bup bthe bbulk bof bthe bnucleus.
4. bChromosomes: bprotein-bound, blinear bDNA.
5. bNucleolus: bsmall bspherical bregion(s) bin bnucleoplasm. bManufactures bribosomal
bRNA band bassembles bribosomes.
Function bof bNucleus. b- b bcorrect banswer-1. bControls bcell's bactivities b- bproduces
bmRNA band btRNA b- bprotein bsynthesis. bControls bentry band bexit bof bmaterials, band
bcontains bnuclear breactions.
2. bRetains bgenetic bmaterial bin bthe bform bof bDNA band bchromosomes.
3. bManufactures bribosomal bRNA band bribosomes.
,Structure bof bMitochondria. b- b bcorrect banswer-1. bDouble bmembrane bsurrounding
borganelle b- bcontrols bentry band bexit bof bmaterial.
2. bCristae b- bextensions bof bthe binner bmembrane, bproviding ba blarge bsurface barea bfor
bthe battachment bof benzymes band bother bproteins bduring brespiration.
3. bMatrix b- bmakes bup bthe bremainder b- bcontains bproteins, blipids, bribosomes band bDNA
b(allows bmitochondria bto bproduce bown bproteins) band bsome brespiratory benzymes.
Functions bof bMitochondria. b- b bcorrect banswer-1. bSites bof bKrebs bCycle band boxidative
bphosphorylation bpathway bin baerobic brespiration b- bresponsible bfor bATP bproduction.
NB b= bfound bin bhigh bnumbers bin bmetabolically bactive bcells bwhich brequire bmuch bATP.
Structure bof bChloroplasts. b- b bcorrect banswer-Found bin bplants band balgae.
1. bChloroplast benvelope b- bdouble bplasma bmembrane, bhighly bselective, bsurrounds
bthe borganelle.
2. bGrana b- bstacks bof bdisc-shaped bthylakoid bmembrane.
3. bThylakoids b- bcontain bchlorophyll bused bin bphotosynthesis, bcan bbe blinked bby
blamellae bto bother bgrana.
4. bStroma b- bfluid-filled bmatrix bwhere bCalvin bCycle btakes bplace. bAlso bcontains bstarch
bgrains.
Functions bof bChloroplasts. b- b bcorrect banswer-Site bof bPhotosynthesis:
LDR bin bthylakoid bmembranes.
LIR bin bstroma.
1. bGranal bmembranes bprovide ba blarge bSA bfor bLDR b- bphotosystems, be- bcarriers band
benzymes betc.
2. bChloroplasts bcontain bDNA band bribosomes b- bcan bquickly band beasily bmanufacture
bsome bof bthe bproteins bneeded bfor bphotosynthesis.
Structure bof bEndoplasmic bReticulum. b- b bcorrect banswer-1. b3D bsystem bof bsheet-like
bmembranes b- bcontinuous bwith bthe bouter bmembrane bof bthe bnuclear bdouble
bmembrane.
2. bMembrane bcontains ba bnetwork bof btubules band bflattened bsacs bcalled bcisternae.
3. bRER b- bribosomes bon bthe bouter bsurface bof bthe bmembranes.
4. bSER b- blacks bribosomes bon bits bsurface band bis boften bmore btubular bin bits
bappearance.
Function bof bEndoplasmic bReticulum. b- b bcorrect banswer-RER
, 1. bLarge bSA bfor bprotein/glycoprotein bsynthesis.
2. bProvides ba bpathway bfor bmaterial btransport bthroughout bthe bcell, bespecially bfor
bproteins.
SER
1. bSynthesises, bstores band btransports blipids band bcarbohydrates. b
NB b= bcells bthat bmanufacture band bstore blots bof blipids, bcarbs band bproteins bhave
bextensive bER b- bsuch bas bliver band bsecretory bcells, bsuch bas bthe bintestine bepithelial
bcells.
Structure bof bGolgi bApparatus. b- b bcorrect banswer-1. bCompact bsystem bof bflattened
bsacs band bstacked bmembranes b(cisternae).
2. bVesicles b- bmodified bproteins band blipids btransported bto bcell bmembrane bwhere bthey
bfuse bwith bit, band bthen begest bcontents bto bthe boutside.
Functions bof bGolgi bApparatus. b- b bcorrect banswer-1. bForm bglycoproteins bby badding
bcarbs bto bproteins.
2. bProduce bsecretory benzymes, bsuch bas bthose bsecreted bby bthe bpancreas b-
bapparatus bis bdeveloped bin bsecretory bcells, bespecially bthose bin bthe bsmall bintestine.
3. bSecrete bcarbs, bsuch bas bcellulose bfor bplant bcell bwalls.
4. bTransports, bmodifies band bstores blipids.
5. bForms blysosomes. b
NB b= bGolgi bVesicles bare b'pinched boff' bfrom bgolgi bcisternae.
Structure bof bLysosomes. b- b bcorrect banswer-Golgi bvesicles bwith bproteases, blipase
band blysozymes.
Functions bof bLysosomes. b- b bcorrect banswer-1. bHydrolyse bforeign bmaterial bingested
bby bphagocytes.
2. bExocytosis bof benzymes bto bdestroy bextra-cellular bmaterial.
3. bApoptosis b- bprogrammed bcell bdeath.
bAutolysis b- bbreaking bdown bcells bafter bdeath.
4. bDigest bworn bout borganelles b- bcan brecycle bchemicals.
NB b= bvery babundant bin bsecretory bcells band bphagocytes.
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