NUR 2063 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 1 2024
ACTUAL EXAM COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS (VERIFIED
ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+||BRAND NEW!!.
What is Pathophysiology - ANSWERis the study of what happens when the normal
anatomy and physiology go wrong, causing disorder and disease process of the human
body.
What 4 things does pathophysiology include? - ANSWEREtiology, Pathogenesis, Clinical
Manifestations, and Treatment Implications
What is etiology - ANSWERstudy of causes or reasons for phenomena. Includes
Idiopathic conditions that have an unknown origin or cause.
What is pathogenesis? - ANSWERdevelopment or evolution of disease from initial
stimulus to the expression of manifestations as time occurs.
What are clinical manifestations? - ANSWERSigns and symptoms of disorder.
What are treatment implications? - ANSWERWhich combine the etology, pathogenesis,
and clinical manifestations to determine the best treatment of condition per individual.
What are signs? - ANSWERObjective or observed manifestations of disease.
What are symptoms? - ANSWERSubjective feelings of abnormality in the body.
What is objective data - ANSWERWhat you observe and can measure.
What are examples of objective data? - ANSWERrash, low blood pressure, bleeding
What is subjective data? - ANSWERWhat the patient may report to you
What are examples of subjective data? - ANSWERpain scale, they feel suicidal, fatigued.
What is epidemiology? - ANSWERstudy of the patterns of disease involving populations.
Based on the spread and contact of diseases in people.
What are the levels of disease prevention? - ANSWERPrimary, Secondary, Tertiary
Explain Primary Prevention - ANSWER"Preventing"; altering susceptibility or reducing
exposure of disease for people.
Examples of Primary Prevention - ANSWERVaccinations and Handwashing
,Explain Secondary Prevention - ANSWER"Screening"; early detection, screening, and
management of disease to catch disease early before it spreads
Examples of Secondary Prevention - ANSWERPAP smears for STDs, lab work for HBA1C
check, mammogram
Explain Tertiary Prevention - ANSWER"Treating" and preventing further complications
from a disorder or disease after the person has the condition
Examples of Tertiary Prevention - ANSWERRehab for hip surgery, relearning ADL's after
amputation, Wound care after stroke to prevent pressure ulcers.
What is homeostasis? - ANSWERa state of equilibrium in which all body systems are in
balance and the body is at its most optimal in functioning. Stable.
What is allostasis? - ANSWERability to successfully adapt to challenges. It is not a
balance but an attempt to adapt to achieve homeostasis. Example: sweating to lower
ones body temp.
Stages of the General Adaptation Syndrome - ANSWERalarm, resistance, exhaustion
Explain alarm stage of general adaptation syndrome - ANSWERWhere the sympathetic
nervous system is activated due to stress. Fight or Flight responses are activated and
energy is given off by the HPA axis to flee or fight the danger ahead. Blood must be
redirected to vital organs in this stage to give the organs energy to work.
Explain Resistance stage of general adaptation syndrome - ANSWERthe activity of the
Parasympathetic Nervous system and the endocrine system to return the body to
homeostasis. The body should ultimately adapt to the stressor.
Explain the exhaustion stage of general adaptation syndrome - ANSWEROccurs when
the stressor is not removed or overcome in the body. The body can no longer return to
homeostasis after prolonged exposure to stressor. It causes the body to be depleted and
damaged that can lead to disease or death.
What complications can occur if stressors are not resolved from general adaptation
syndrome? - ANSWERdisease can occur physically and mentally, such as anxiety,
depression, headaches, insomnia, infection, and heart disease.
Name the hormones released during alarm stage of general adaptation syndrome -
ANSWERCorticotrophin releasing hormone, adrenocorticotrophic hormone,
catecholamines( norepinephrine and epinephrine) and cortisol
Explain the Role of corticotrophin releasing hormone in alarm stage - ANSWERactivates
the sympathetic nervous system and adrenocorticotropic hormone.
Explain the role of norepinephrine during alarm stage - ANSWERhelps to slow down
certain organs such as the GI and GU systems to prepare the body for fight or flight.
Explain the role of epinephrine during alarm stage - ANSWERStimulates the fight or flight
response by increasing heart rate, bronchodilation of the lungs to increase respirations
, and amount of air let in, dilates pupils to let more light in, stimulates more glucose to be
released.
Explain the role of cortisol during alarm stage - ANSWERreleased by ACTH reaching the
adrenal cortex, this allows for more energy creation to increase glucose and to reduce
inflammation. Suppresses the immune system.
Explain the symptoms of a sympathetic nervous system response - ANSWERPupils
dilate, salivation inhibited, increase in HR, bronchodilation of airway, increased
respirations, glucose release, inhibit GI/GU.
Explain the symptoms of a parasympathetic nervous system response - ANSWERPupils
constrict, salivation occurs, decreased HR, bronchoconstriction, decreased respiration,
GI/GU systems resume action.
role of nucleus - ANSWERcontrol center of the cell, where DNA and genes are stored,
produces mRNA to help build body proteins. Can have 1 or more (liver cells), or none
(RBCs).
role of mitochondria - ANSWERPowerhouse of the cell. Provides energy in ATP, and has
its own set of DNA.
Role of ribosome - ANSWERproduces RNA to produce proteins through transcriptions of
DNA and translation of RNA into a protein. Can be floating or attached to the Rough ER.
Role of lysosomes - ANSWERhelps breakdown and digest dead cells, organelles, or
tissues.
Role of rough ER - ANSWERfolded membranes that move proteins around the cell. Has
ribosomes attached to it and helps produce proteins for the cell membranes.
role of smooth ER - ANSWERribosomes not attached to smooth ER, helps in the Liver
and kidney cells to detoxify, lipid metabolism, synthesis of hormones, and calcium
storage.
Role of peroxisome - ANSWERmembrane cells that contain oxidase and catalase to
detoxify harmful chemicals, breakdown hydrogen peroxide and filter metabolic wastes.
Role of Golgi body - ANSWERstacked membranes that act as the sorter and packager for
proteins from the ER. Helps move things in and out of cell.
Where is extracellular fluid found? - ANSWERoutside the cell
Where is ECF located in the body? - ANSWERfound in the plasma, lymph, CSF, eye
humors, synovial fluid, and the GI secretions.
Where is intracellular fluid located? - ANSWERinside the cell
Where is intracellular fluid found in the body? - ANSWERfound inside of cells, cytosol.
