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MCPHS Pathophys Test 1: Questions With Solutions
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MCPHS Pathophys Test 1: Questions With Solutions
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MCPHS Pathophys Test 1: Questions With SolutionsPathophysiology Right Ans - Study of the disordered physiological
processes
associated with disease or injury
Etiology Right Ans - Cause of disease, can be genetic (inherited mutations
or variants) or Acquired (Infection, nutrition, chemical, physical). Usually
multifactorial
Pathogenesis Right Ans - sequence of cellular, biochemical, and molecular
events that follow exposure to an injurious agent
Cellular Housekeeping Right Ans - Normal cell function including
protection, movement, nutrition, communication, catabolism, and energy
generation. These genes are constantly active
Plasma Membrane Right Ans - Phospholipid bilayer for protection and
nutrient acquisition. passive diffution of small nonpolar molecules (O2, CO2,
Steroids)
Channel Protein Right Ans - Hydrophillic pores in membrane that allow
passive diffusion of solutes
Carrier protein Right Ans - Protein in cell membrane the changes
conformation to permit active diffusion across membrane
Receptor mediated transport Right Ans - Endocytosis, exocytosis,
transcytosis
Microtubules Right Ans - Cytoskeletal protein - Thickest, most versatile,
maintains cell shape, mitosis aide, can form flagella/cilia
Intermediate filaments Right Ans - Cytoskeletal protein - Medium size,
maintains cell shape
Actin microfilaments Right Ans - Cystoskeletal protein- thinnest, give
shape, allow transport between organelles
,Occluding Junction (tight junction) Right Ans - Prevents diffusion of
molecules between cells (paracellular)
Anchoring junctions (desmosomes) Right Ans - Attach cells and
intracellular cytoskeletons to other cells or the ECM. Small gap between cells
allowing substances to pass in between
Communication Junctions (gap junctions) Right Ans - 1/5-2nm pores
(called connexons) allowing cell to cell communications
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Right Ans - Site of synthesis of
transmembrane proteins and lipids (Rough ER has ribosomes)
Chaperone Molecules Right Ans - retain proteins in ER until protein folding
is complete
Smooth ER Right Ans - Synthesize steroid hormones (in gonads/adrenals),
catabolize lipid soluble molecules (in liver), and sequester intracellular
calcium (for apoptosis)
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Right Ans - Smooth ER in muscle cells holding
calcium for muscle contration
Golgi Apparatus Right Ans - process and pack secretory proteins
Lysosomal degredation Right Ans - Break down "anything" with hydrolases
(pH<5)
Heterophagy Right Ans - Endosomes or phagosomes fuse with
lysosomes to facilitate the degradation
of their internalized contents
Autophagy Right Ans - Senescent organelles or denatured
proteins are encircled with a double
membrane which fuses with the
lysosome and degraded
Proteasome Degradation Right Ans - Breakdown of protein. Ubiquitin tags
misfolded proteins which are then degraded by Proteasomes
, Mitochondria Right Ans - Originally prokaryote engulfed by early
eukaryote. Contain their own DNA. Perform Oxidative Phosphorylation,
Apoptosis, and Anabolism
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Right Ans - Produced at low levels from
oxidative phosphorylation. Usually nontoxic with natural antioxidants
(superoxidase dismutase, catalase, and gutathione). Increased ROS from
hypoxia or toxic injury will cause cell cycle arrest or apoptosis
Necrosis Right Ans - External agent causing no more energy and
mitochondrial membrane damage. Cell swells and causes inflammation
Apoptosis Right Ans - Programmed cell death from external or internal
agents. Cytochrome C release from Mitochondria activates Caspase. Cell
shrinks, no inflammation
Cell Signaling Right Ans - damaged cell contacts neighbor cells (gap
junction), ECM (integrins), and further cells (hormones and cytokines)
Cell signalling types Right Ans - Autocrine- self
Endocrine- distant cell
Paracrine- neighbor cell
Intracellular receptors Right Ans - Include transcription factors activated
by lipid soluble ligands
Cell surface receptors Right Ans - transmembrane proteins that bind
extracellular ligands
Cell receptor actions Right Ans - open ion channels, activate G protein,
activate enzyme (RTK), or trigger proteolytic event to activate transcription
factor
Growth Factors Right Ans - Promote celly cycle entry and progression.
Prevents apoptosis
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