NUR-641E EXAM 2024 Advanced
Pathophysiology and Pharmacology for the
Nurse Educator | A+ GRADE
STUDGYGUIDE
Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) Correct Answer an
abnormal opening between the pulmonary artery and the
aorta caused by failure of the fetal ductus arteriosus to
close after birth; a congenital heart defect with a
continuous machine-like murmur heard over the left upper
sternal border in both systole and diastole, a bounding
pulse and a thrill on palpation.
Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) Correct Answer can be
effectively treated with IV NSAIDs such as indomethacin.
Raynaud's Disease Correct Answer a vasospastic disorder
typically seen during cold weather; involves the small
arteries and arterioles in the fingers; occasionally, the toes
are also involved; is treated with dihydropyridine-type
calcium channel blockers (e.g., nifedipine) because they
cause peripheral vasodilation.
Respiratory system: Asthma Correct Answer is an
obstructive airway disease associated with airflow
obstruction, mucus production, hyperactivity of the
bronchial tissue, and inflammation.
,Asthma Correct Answer *Mild persistent asthma is best
treated with a short-acting beta-2 agonist (SABA) plus an
inhaled corticosteroid.
*Moderate persistent asthma is best treated with an
inhaled low-dose corticosteroid and a long-acting
bronchodilator.
*Severe persistent asthma is best treated with a long-
acting beta-2 agonist (LABA) plus a high-potency inhaled
corticosteroid plus an oral corticosteroid drug.
Asthma treatment Correct Answer *Inhaled short-acting
beta-2 agonists (SABA) are indicated only for PRN use.
*Long-acting beta-2 agonists (LABA, e.g., salmeterol)
should never be used in an acute asthma exacerbation;
use a short-acting beta-2 agonist (SABA, e.g., albuterol).
*Short-acting beta-2 agonists (SABA) are used in acute
asthmatic attacks, but can increase heart rate, tremors,
nervousness, and reduce serum potassium levels.
Asthma: Corticosteroid teaching Correct Answer Instruct a
patient on any inhaled corticosteroid product to rinse the
mouth after each use of the inhaled corticosteroid product.
Asthma: different types of inhalers used for treatments
Correct Answer *Advair (fluticasone and salmeterol) is an
example of a long-acting beta agonist and a corticosteroid.
*Anoro Ellipta (umeclidium/vilanterol) is an example of a
long-acting beta agonist and an anticholinergic agent.
*Combivent (albuterol/ipratropium) is an example of a
short-acting beta agonist and an anticholinergic agent.
,*Tiotropium is long-acting anticholinergic agent, not for
acute asthmatic attacks, and is used once a day in asthma
and COPD.
Cystic fibrosis (CF) Correct Answer hereditary disorder of
the exocrine glands characterized by excess mucus
production in the respiratory tract, pancreatic deficiency,
and other symptoms
Cystic fibrosis (CF) Correct Answer a pulmonary disorder
typically seen in childhood, with an increased production
of a protein-producing thick mucus that blocks the airways,
pancreatic ducts, sweat gland ducts and vas deferens.
Cystic fibrosis (CF) Correct Answer CF of the pancreas is
also known as fibrocystic disease of the pancreas.
respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) Correct Answer a
severe respiratory disease that is characterized by rapid
respiratory failure; a lung disorder characterized by
increased pulmonary resistance and caused by Cystic
fibrosis (CF) which is a surfactant deficiency.
Musculoskeletal: NSAIDS Correct Answer NSAIDS have
anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anti-pyretic activity. The
NSAID which is considered safe to use by individuals with
heart disease is naproxen.
Acetaminophen Correct Answer analgesic and anti-pyretic
activity, but not anti-inflammatory activity
, Gout Correct Answer hereditary metabolic disease that is
a form of acute arthritis, characterized by excessive uric
acid in the blood and around the joints; treated with
antigout drugs (e.g., allopurinol, colchicine, febuxostat)
and uricosuric drugs (probenecid, sulfinpyrazone). The
only drugs that directly work on the pathophysiological
causes of gout are allopurinol and febuxostat.
`Gout Correct Answer Renal calculi can occur as a
comorbid condition in patients with gout.
Colchicine Correct Answer reduces the inflammatory
response seen in gout, reduces the pain in an acute gout
attack, but does not stop gout from developing into chronic
gouty arthritis. Colchicine efficacy is affected by its
incidence of adverse effects.
Xanthine oxidase Correct Answer Xanthine oxidase is a
form of xanthine oxidoreductase, a type of enzyme that
generates reactive oxygen species. These enzymes
catalyze the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine and can
further catalyze the oxidation of xanthine to uric acid.
Allopurinol treats chronic gout by decreasing uric acid
production by inhibiting this substance.
Urate lowering therapy (ULT) Correct Answer can initiate
an acute gouty attack; concomitant colchicine, NSAIDS or
corticosteroids are used with ULT drugs to decrease the
incidence of ULT-induced acute gouty attacks.
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