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ENHS 660 Exam 1 Concepts Questions with Correct Answers
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ENHS 660 Exam 1 Concepts Questions with Correct Answers
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ENHS 660 Exam 1 Concepts Questionswith Correct Answers
Stressors - Answer-environmental factors (physical, biological, chemical, human) that
may adversely affect ecosystem and human health
Types of Environments - Answer-General, Occupational, Natural
Direct vs Indirect Env. Effects - Answer-Direct = if there is a rain event and it washes a
pesticide off of land into a waterway causing a fishkill. Indirect = suppose there is a rain
event and it washed a nutrient off of land into a waterway causing a phytoplankton
bloom which depletes the oxygen causing a fishkill
Accelerated Time Frame for Economic Developement - Answer-China and India are
40% of world population and greater than 20 next largest countries combined
China Economic Growth 1996 - 2006 - Answer-9.5% increase/year and GDP is
$4600/year. ($40,100/year in the US)
Chinese are now becoming consumers - Answer-26% of world's steel, 32% of rice, 37%
cotton, 47% cement
Information Age - Answer-1 cell phone/person on Earth
Indian Economy - Answer-Based on global computer industry and requires an
investment in education. (Scientists - 500,000 in China+India vs 60,000 in US; 1.7
million engineers in China+India vs 700,000 in US). Important because new
technologies can be created from scientists then applied to engineers
Limiting factors of development in China and India - Answer-Land Area, agricultural
production, CO2 emissions
US and Science - Answer-70% of US citizens believe that US is no longer world leader
in scientific achievement and 44% of US pop cannot identify a US scientist that would
serve as a role model
Results of the global economy and rapid population growth - Answer-past - living off our
environmental endowment (slash/burn economy) = hunter/gather versus Today/future -
sustainable development, aquaculture, modern agriculture, green jobs
Man & the Environment - Answer-man --> stressors --> effects --> ecosystem impacts
(+, -) [direct vs indirect]
,Car Accidents - Answer-How many would travel on an airline that had a safety record of
one fully loaded jet airliner crashes every day and everyone on the air plane is killed.
Nationwide 1997-2008 = Annually 41,000-43,000 deaths/year and annually Americans
drive > 3,244 billion miles each year --> fatality rate is 1.28 - 1.37 deaths/million miles
traveled
DWI = DWY - Answer-about as bad as drinking and driving, this is a somewhat newer
trend that has occurred. The rate at which people are buying cell phones has caused
this to be an unprecedented problem; both cause bad risks
Saccharine Saga - Answer-In the end, Saccaharine ban is deemed safe because there
is not enough proof to ban it because the dose in rats is too great.
Bottled Water - Answer-1982 - 700 million gallons sold; 2008 - multi-billion dollar
industry - US 1/8 of families use bottles water (1978); 3/4 families (2008); >95% of
families (2008)
General Risks of Death in theUS - Answer-motor vehicle accidents, falls (average over
life); drownings, fires & firearms
High, Medium and Low Risk Activities - Answer-High --> radon, environmental tobacco
smoke
Medium --> carbon monoxide, lead
Low --> TSS, SOx, NOx
Transportation of Commerce - Answer-Ships are more safe than trains and trucks.
Waterborne transportation is widely regarded as the safest, cleanest, most energy
efficient and least costly mode of commercial transport. Ships emit 1/10th the
greenhouse gases of trucks and 1/2 that of trains. 1 marine accident is recorded for
every 13.7 rail accidents and 74.7 truck accidents
Know details of activities that reduce life expectancy - Answer-cigarette smoking (2250
days lost), being 30% overweight (1300 days lost), being a coal miner (1100 days lost)
Leading cause of worker injuries * - Answer-Airline baggage handlers - 5.5 cases /100
urban transit (bus and rail) - 5.4 cases / 100
Seafood Processing - 4.
Hog Farms - 4.
--> most injuries related to lifting and back injuries
Natural Disasters * - Answer-Tornadoes have been 1/100 people to 18/100 people,
depends year to year. Number of tornadoes fluctuate and death toll. Hurricane death
tolls vary based on our warning systems that we have in place. There is normally 1 big
hurricane every 100 years.
Galveston (1900) - 8000 dead
Okeechobee (1928) - 2500 dead
, Sea Island Hurricane (1983) - 2500 dead
Katrina (2003) - 1833 dead
Leading causes of death in US vs Leading cause of death in the world - Answer-heart
disease, cancer and stroke vs heart disease, stroke and infectious diseases
Leading cause of death in Taiwan - Answer-cancer is the leading cause of death in
Taiwan, incidence and mortality rates are much higher than many other countries
California's Proposition 65 - Answer-AKA Safe Drinking Water and Toxic enforcement
act of 1965. Requires the states to publish a list of chemicals known to cause cancer or
birth defects or other reproductive harm. There are two parts to the proposition: drinking
water and warning of consumers exposure to carcinogens and teratogens
Risk based * - Answer-all federal environmental laws are
Rio Conference - Answer-1992 - Issues: loss of biodiversity, tropical deforestation,
global climate change, eradication of poverty --> issues escalated into a forum of
developed vs developing nations
Environmental Stressors - Answer-chemical contaminants, over-harvesting of natural
resources, introduction of exotic species, and modification of natural perturbations
Env Health - Answer-EH can be defined using objective criteria that diagnose of
ecosystem conditions; need to define early warning indicators of EH; EH management
and practices emphasize a preventative versus restorative approaches
Short comings of EH indicators approach - Answer-Eh continues to deteriorate after
management intervention (ex Chesapeake Bay). EH is driven by limited disciplinary
models. Hollistic integrated management is needed for human health
Top 10 causes of death and disability - Answer-1990 (1 to 10) --> 1 respiratory
infections, 2 diarrheal diseases, 3 complications at birth, 4 severe depression, 5 heart
disease, 6 stroke, 7 tb, 8 measles, 9 traffic accidents, 10 congenital anomalies
2020 --> 1 heart disease, 2 depression, 3 traffic accidents, 4 stroke, 5 chronic
pulmonary disease, 6 respiratory infections, 7 tb, 8 war injuries, 9 diarrheal diseases, 10
HIV/AIDS
Life first evolved some 3 billion years ago - Answer-after some 2.999 billion yrs of
evolution man appeared - until man appeared on the earth, evolutionary change was
slow and dependent on mutagenesis; however, with the introduction and domestication
of early man, the development of the human intellect and deductive reasoning and
thinking has provided man with a tool all other species lacked
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