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Nrsg 201 Exam 1 With Complete Solutions Latest Update

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Nrsg 201 Exam 1 With Complete Solutions Latest Update

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  • October 31, 2024
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  • 2024/2025
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Nrsg 201 Exam 1 With Complete Solutions
Latest Update

anatomy

the science of body structures and the relationships among them

Physiology

the science of body functions- how the body parts work

Pathophysiology

functional changes associated with disease and aging

Homeostasis

the state of the relative stability of the body's internal environment

Levels of Structural Organization

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organism

chemical level

includes atoms and molecules
atoms are the smallest unit of matter
molecule- when two or more atoms join together

cellular level

- Molecules combine to form cells

- Cells: the basic structural and
functional units of an organism that are composed of chemicals

- Cells are the smallest living units in the human body

- Many kinds of cells in the body

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- Muscle fibers, nerve cells, epithelial cells

tissue level

groups of similar cells that have a common function

organ level

different types of tissues join together
ex. stomach, skin, bones, heart, liver

system level

related organs with a common function
ex. digestive system

organismal level

all organ systems combined to make the whole organism

functions of human body

1. metabolism
2. responsiveness
3. movement
4. growth
5. differentiation
6. reproduction

Metabolism

All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism
ex. digestive processes

Catabolism

phase of metabolism, the breakdown of complex chemical substances into
simpler components

Anabolism

the building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler
components

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Responsiveness

The body's ability to detect and respond to changes

Movement

Includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and even
tiny structures inside cells

Growth

An increase in body size that results from an increase in the size of existing
cells, an increase in the number of cells or both

Differentiation

The development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state

Precursor cells that can divide and give rise to cells that undergo
differentiation are known as stem cells

Reproduction

Refers to either the formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, or
replacement or the production of a new individual

positive feedback

tends to strengthen or reinforce a change in one of the body's controlled
conditions
ex. child birth

negative feedback

reverses a change in a controlled condition
ex. increase in blood pressure

Receptors

body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends
input to a control center

afferent pathway

, Solution 2024/2025
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ex. nerve ending that can detect changes like temperature

control center

processes the signal and sends instructions

efferent pathway

Ex. the brain sets the narrow range or a set point within which a control
condition should be maintained, evaluates the input it receives from the
receptors, and generates output commands when they are needed

Effectors

A body structure that receives output from the control center and produces
a response or effect that changes the controlled condition

ex. Ex. When your body temperature drops sharply, your brain (control
center) sends nerve impulses (output) to your skeletal muscles (effectors).

cranial cavity

formed by cranial bones and contains brain




vertebral cavity

formed by vertebral column and contains spinal cord and the beginnings of
spinal nerves




thoracic cavity

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