Tuesday 4 June 2024 – Morning
A Level Ancient History
H407/22 The Eleven Caesars
Time allowed: 2 hours 30 minutes
Turn over
, 2
Section A: The Julio-Claudian Emperors, 31 BC–AD 68
Answer Question 1 or Question 2 and answer Question 3.
Answer either Question 1 or Question 2.
1* ‘The Julio-Claudian emperors’ reigns always started well, became worse and then finished badly.’
How far do you agree with this view?
You must consider the reigns of at least two emperors in your answer.
You must use and analyse the ancient sources you have studied as well as your own knowledge
to support your answer. [30]
2* In what ways and for what reasons did the Julio-Claudians try to maintain good relations with the
ordinary people of Rome?
You must use and analyse the ancient sources you have studied as well as your own knowledge
to support your answer. [30]
Answer Question 3.
3 Read the interpretation below.
Augustus represented his pre-eminence as the means by which Rome could rediscover
her traditions and disciplines and face the challenges that lay before her. Although clearly
his position in the state was abnormal, his exceptional position was justified by the
guarantee of social and political order that he brought.
… That bargain entailed a take-over of the Roman state… in which the old Roman 5
Republic … was absorbed and managed by the emperor. Augustus established a form
of dependency in which the atypical position of the emperor was necessary to protect
and preserve the political values of Rome, values which were traditionally incompatible
with the elevation of an individual to such a position. This is the paradox of the imperial
settlement. …Behind the emperor lay his wealth and his legions. Power and political 10
ideology were mutually supportive and those who did not accept the ideology were bound
to reflect on the power of the regime. To a considerable extent, that power had been
displayed in its absence from late 22–19 BC: only Augustus could bring peace to Rome.
R. Alston, Aspects of Roman History 31 BC–AD 117 (adapted)
How convincing do you find Alston’s view that there was a ‘take-over of the Roman state in which
the old Roman Republic was absorbed and managed by the emperor’?
You must use your knowledge of the historical period and the ancient sources you have studied
to analyse and evaluate Alston’s view. [20]
Answer Question 4 and answer Question 5 or Question 6.
Answer Question 4.
4 Read the passages below.
These were the arguments of the soldiers in their various companies. After this, they
joined together into one body, and, encouraging each other, they declared Vespasian the
emperor, and urged him to save the empire, which was now in danger.
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